Plant adaptation to climate change-opportunities and priorities in breeding
Plant adaptation to climate change-opportunities and priorities in breeding
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DOI：
10.1071/cp11303
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发表时间：
2012-01-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Howden, S. Mark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chapman, Scott C.;Chakraborty, Sukumar;Howden, S. Mark
澳大利亚的气候变化预计将通过二氧化碳和平均温度的直接升高以及气候变异性的增加影响作物生长条件，并有可能增加非生物胁迫的发生，如高温、干旱、水涝和盐碱化。气候变化和CO（2）浓度升高的相关影响包括对旱地和灌溉作物生产的水利用效率的影响，以及通过对地方性和引入的害虫和疾病以及对这些挑战的耐受性的影响而对生物安全、生产和产品质量的潜在影响。对这些变化的直接适应可以通过作物、农场和价值链管理的变化以及不同生产系统运作的经济驱动的地理转移来实现。在特定作物中，较长期的适应是培育新品种，与现有品种相比，新品种在“未来”的生长条件下具有更好的性能。在作物中，育种是一种适当的适应反应，它补充了管理变化，或者当所需的管理变化过于昂贵或不切实际时。育种需要评估遗传多样性以适应，并根据预测的未来气候和大气条件选择和重组遗传资源，使其成为生产系统的新品种。同过去一样，进入“气候变化”时代的一个基本优先事项将是培育对现有和新的虫害和疾病影响的抵抗力或耐受力。因此，对生物压力的潜在发生率和强度以及育种解决方案的机会进行研究对于优先投资至关重要，因为后果可能是灾难性的。为适应气候变化的五种主要非生物效应（高温、干旱、洪涝、盐碱化和CO2浓度升高）而开展的育种活动的价值较难排序，且因物种和生产区域而异，对产量和产品质量均有影响。尽管澳大利亚各地的大气CO2浓度和温度未来很有可能增加，但降雨量变化的方向和幅度仍不确定，特别是在北方农业区。因此，最明显的机会，为“原位”遗传增益的非生物压力是在发展更好地适应更高的温度（如。G.控制物候期的持续时间和对胁迫的耐受性），以及对于C-3物种，利用CO2浓度升高的（相对较小的）受精效应。对于大多数栽培植物物种，这些性状存在多少遗传变异以及通过商业品种可以提供什么价值仍有待证明。基于生物技术的育种技术（标记辅助育种和遗传修饰）对加速遗传增益至关重要，但其应用需要在理解、遗传特征和气候变化条件下复杂适应性状的表型方面进行额外投资。
Climate change in Australia is expected to influence crop growing conditions through direct increases in elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and average temperature, and through increases in the variability of climate, with potential to increase the occurrence of abiotic stresses such as heat, drought, waterlogging, and salinity. Associated effects of climate change and higherCO(2) concentrations include impacts on the water-use efficiency of dryland and irrigated crop production, and potential effects on biosecurity, production, and quality of product via impacts on endemic and introduced pests and diseases, and tolerance to these challenges. Direct adaptation to these changes can occur through changes in crop, farm, and value-chain management and via economically driven, geographic shifts where different production systems operate. Within specific crops, a longer term adaptation is the breeding of new varieties that have an improved performance in 'future' growing conditions compared with existing varieties.In crops, breeding is an appropriate adaptation response where it complements management changes, or when the required management changes are too expensive or impractical. Breeding requires the assessment of genetic diversity for adaptation, and the selection and recombining of genetic resources into new varieties for production systems for projected future climate and atmospheric conditions. As in the past, an essential priority entering into a ` climate-changed' era will be breeding for resistance or tolerance to the effects of existing and new pests and diseases. Hence, research on the potential incidence and intensity of biotic stresses, and the opportunities for breeding solutions, is essential to prioritise investment, as the consequences could be catastrophic. The values of breeding activities to adapt to the five major abiotic effects of climate change (heat, drought, waterlogging, salinity, and elevated CO2) are more difficult to rank, and vary with species and production area, with impacts on both yield and quality of product. Although there is a high likelihood of future increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperatures across Australia, there is uncertainty about the direction and magnitude of rainfall change, particularly in the northern farming regions. Consequently, the clearest opportunities for ` in-situ' genetic gains for abiotic stresses are in developing better adaptation to higher temperatures (e. g. control of phenological stage durations, and tolerance to stress) and, for C-3 species, in exploiting the (relatively small) fertilisation effects of elevated CO2. For most cultivated plant species, it remains to be demonstrated how much genetic variation exists for these traits and what value can be delivered via commercial varieties. Biotechnology-based breeding technologies (marker-assisted breeding and genetic modification) will be essential to accelerate genetic gain, but their application requires additional investment in the understanding, genetic characterisation, and phenotyping of complex adaptive traits for climate-change conditions.