Intelligence New Findings and Theoretical Developments
Intelligence New Findings and Theoretical Developments
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DOI：
10.1037/a0026699
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发表时间：
2012-02-01
影响因子：
16.4
通讯作者：
Turkheimer, Eric
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nisbett, Richard E.;Aronson, Joshua;Turkheimer, Eric
我们回顾智能领域的新发现和新理论发展。新发现包括以下内容： (a) 智商的遗传力因社会阶层而异。 (b) 几乎没有发现与正常范围内智商变异一致相关的遗传多态性。 (c) 关于智力的生物学基础，人们已经了解了很多。 (d) “结晶”智商和“流动”智商在行为和生物层面上都是截然不同的智力方面。 (e) 当儿童从工人阶级家庭领养到中产阶级家庭时，智商会提高 12 点到 18 点，这表明环境对 IQ 的重要性。即使最有效的幼儿干预措施无法持续改善智商，也可能对学业成绩和生活成果产生非常显着的影响。 (g) 在所研究的大多数发达国家，智商测试持续取得进展，并且在发展中国家已开始取得进展。 (h) 智力方面的性别差异部分归因于可识别的生物因素，部分归因于社会化因素。 (i) 近年来，黑人和白人之间的智商差距缩小了 0.33 个标准差。我们报告了有关以下方面的理论：（a）工作记忆与智力之间的关系；（b）对智商的强遗传性影响与对智商的强长期影响之间的明显矛盾；（c）一般智力因素是否可能源自最初很大程度上独立的认知技能；（d）自我调节与认知技能之间的关系；以及（e）压力对智力的影响。
We review new findings and new theoretical developments in the field of intelligence. New findings include the following: (a) Heritability of IQ varies significantly by social class. (b) Almost no genetic polymorphisms have been discovered that are consistently associated with variation in IQ in the normal range. (c) Much has been learned about the biological underpinnings of intelligence. (d) "Crystallized" and "fluid" IQ are quite different aspects of intelligence at both the behavioral and biological levels. (e) The importance of the environment for IQ is established by the 12-point to 18-point increase in IQ when children are adopted from working-class to middle-class homes. W Even when improvements in IQ produced by the most effective early childhood interventions fail to persist, there can be very marked effects on academic achievement and life outcomes. (g) In most developed countries studied, gains on IQ tests have continued, and they are beginning in the developing world. (h) Sex differences in aspects of intelligence are due partly to identifiable biological factors and partly to socialization factors. (i) The IQ gap between Blacks and Whites has been reduced by 0.33 SD in recent years. We report theorizing concerning (a) the relationship between working memory and intelligence, (b) the apparent contradiction between strong heritability effects on IQ and strong secular effects on IQ, (c) whether a general intelligence factor could arise from initially largely independent cognitive skills, (d) the relation between self-regulation and cognitive skills, and (e) the effects of stress on intelligence.