Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
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DOI：
10.1136/tc.2005.012294
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发表时间：
2006-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Cummings, K. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hammond, D.;Fong, G. T.;Cummings, K. M.
背景：香烟包装上的健康警语是宣传吸烟健康风险的最常见手段之一。然而，很少有研究评估包装警告对消费者了解烟草风险的影响。目的：本研究的目的是使用来自国际烟草控制四国调查（ITC-4）的美国（USA）、英国（UK）、加拿大（CAN）和澳大利亚（AUS）的具有全国代表性的成年吸烟者样本，以检查吸烟者对烟草风险和包装警告影响的知识差异。方法：对来自美国（2138）、英国（2401）、加拿大（2214）和澳大利亚（2305）的9058名成年吸烟者进行电话调查。受访者被要求说明他们是否认为吸烟会导致吸烟者的心脏病、中风、阳痿、肺癌和非吸烟者的肺癌。受访者还被问及是否在香烟烟雾中发现以下化学物质：氰化物、砷和一氧化碳。调查结果：这四个国家的吸烟者对吸烟危害的认识存在显著差距。注意到这些警告的吸烟者更有可能承认健康风险，包括肺癌和心脏病。在各国标签政策不同的情况下，生活在政府规定有警告的国家的吸烟者报告的健康知识更多。例如，在加拿大，烟盒上的警告信息包括阳痿的风险，吸烟者同意吸烟导致阳痿的可能性是其他三个国家吸烟者的2.68倍（2.41 - 2.97倍）。结论：吸烟者没有被充分告知吸烟的危害。图形化、更大、内容更全面的警告在宣传吸烟的健康危害方面更有效。
Background: Health warnings on cigarette packages are among the most common means of communicating the health risks of smoking. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of package warnings on consumer knowledge about tobacco risks.Objective: The aim of the current study was to use nationally representative samples of adult smokers from the United States ( USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Canada (CAN), and Australia (AUS) from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC-4) to examine variations in smokers' knowledge about tobacco risks and the impact of package warnings.Methods: A telephone survey was conducted with 9058 adult smokers from the following countries: USA (n = 2138), UK (n = 2401), CAN (n = 2214) and AUS (n = 2305). Respondents were asked to state whether they believed smoking caused heart disease, stroke, impotence, lung cancer in smokers, and lung cancer in non-smokers. Respondents were also asked whether the following chemicals are found in cigarette smoke: cyanide, arsenic and carbon monoxide.Findings: Smokers in the four countries exhibited significant gaps in their knowledge of the risks of smoking. Smokers who noticed the warnings were significantly more likely to endorse health risks, including lung cancer and heart disease. In each instance where labelling policies differed between countries, smokers living in countries with government mandated warnings reported greater health knowledge. For example, in Canada, where package warnings include information about the risks of impotence, smokers were 2.68 (2.41 - 2.97) times more likely to agree that smoking causes impotence compared to smokers from the other three countries.Conclusion: Smokers are not fully informed about the risks of smoking. Warnings that are graphic, larger, and more comprehensive in content are more effective in communicating the health risks of smoking.