Relationship between Delay Discounting and Risk Preference in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Humans
Relationship between Delay Discounting and Risk Preference in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Humans
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发表时间：
2021
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通讯作者：
Stefanie Keupp;Sebastian Grueneisen;Felix Warneken;Elliot A. Ludvig;Alicia P. Melis
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作者：
Stefanie Keupp;Sebastian Grueneisen;Felix Warneken;Elliot A. Ludvig;Alicia P. Melis
适应性决策要求决策者考虑不同可能结果的主观价值以及这些结果发生的概率。主观价值取决于，除其他外，结果在时间上有多远。这可以通过评估个人对不同选项的延迟折扣来获取。一个人的风险偏好也会影响特定选择对他们的吸引力。在人类中，概率折扣和延迟折扣通常是相关的。那些表现出更多冒险行为的人也往往更冲动，更缺乏耐心。在此基础上，提出了延迟折扣和概率折扣的单过程模型。在目前的研究中，我们测试了这种关系是否同样存在于黑猩猩中，黑猩猩是人类现存最接近的进化亲属之一。我们向23只黑猩猩提出了一项耐心任务和一项风险选择任务。耐心任务旨在明确区分延迟偏好和自我控制（即，等待给定延迟的能力）。尽管如此，我们发现风险和延迟偏好之间没有很强的相关性。由于这项任务以前没有在人类身上使用过，我们实现了一个计算机化的版本，并在20名成年参与者的样本中进行了测试。初步结果表明，该任务非常适合捕捉耐心，它使一个有前途的候选人被用于人类的行为延迟折扣实验。
Adaptive decisions require that decision makers factor in the subjective values of different possible outcomes, and the probability of these outcomes occurring. Subjective values depend, among other things, on how far an outcome is away in time. This can be captured by assessing an individual’s delay discounting of different options. An individual’s risk preference also affects how attractive particular choice options appear to them. In humans, probability discounting and delay discounting are often related. People who show more risky behaviors also tend to be more impulsive and less patient. Based on such findings, single-process models of delay discounting and probability discounting have been suggested. In the current study, we tested if this relationship is equally present in chimpanzees, one of human’s closest extant evolutionary relatives. We presented 23 chimpanzees with a patience task and a risky-choice task. The patience task was designed to explicitly distinguish between delay preference and self-control (i.e., the ability to wait a given delay). Still, we found no strong correlations between risk and delay preferences. As this task has not been used with humans before, we implemented a computerized version and tested it in a sample of twenty adult participants. Initial results indicate that the task is well suited to capture patience, and it makes a promising candidate to be used in behavioral delay discounting experiments in humans.