Quantitative patterns between plant volatile emissions induced by biotic stresses and the degree of damage.
Quantitative patterns between plant volatile emissions induced by biotic stresses and the degree of damage.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpls.2013.00262
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Copolovici L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Niinemets U;Kännaste A;Copolovici L
植物在其整个生命周期中必须应对大量的生物胁迫，例如食草和病原体攻击。生物胁迫通常会引发与氧化爆发相关的脂氧合酶（LOX）途径的挥发性产物（LOX产物：各种C6醛、醇和衍生物，也称为绿叶挥发物）的快速排放。此外，多种防御途径被激活，导致诱导合成和排放复杂的挥发物混合物，通常包括水杨酸甲酯、吲哚、单萜、同萜和倍半萜。空气中的挥发物参与系统反应，导致未受损的植物部分产生排放。对于几种非生物胁迫，已经证明挥发性排放物与胁迫剂量在数量上相关。自然条件下的生物影响的严重程度从轻微到严重不等，但尚不清楚挥发性排放是否也以剂量依赖的方式随着生物胁迫的严重程度而变化。此外，生物影响通常是反复出现的，但人们对直接应激触发和系统排放反应如何在连续应激事件干预期间被抑制却知之甚少。在这里，我们回顾了有关生物攻击引起的诱导排放的信息，并认为生物胁迫严重程度与排放率关系应基本上遵循与先前针对不同非生物胁迫所证明的相同的剂量-反应关系。对几个研究咀嚼食草动物、蚜虫、锈菌、白粉病和灰霉病引起的排放的案例研究的分析表明，诱发排放确实以剂量依赖的方式对应激严重程度做出反应。这些实验已经证明了几种诱导挥发物的双相排放动力学，这表明除了直接应激触发的排放之外，生物应激引发的排放通常具有二次诱导反应，可能反映了系统反应。剂量-反应关系也可能因植物基因型、草食动物摄食行为和植物预应激生理状态而异。总体而言，证据表明生物胁迫严重程度与诱发挥发性排放之间存在定量关系。这些关系构成了开发定量植物应激反应模型的令人鼓舞的平台。
Plants have to cope with a plethora of biotic stresses such as herbivory and pathogen attacks throughout their life cycle. The biotic stresses typically trigger rapid emissions of volatile products of lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway (LOX products: various C6 aldehydes, alcohols, and derivatives, also called green leaf volatiles) associated with oxidative burst. Further a variety of defense pathways is activated, leading to induction of synthesis and emission of a complex blend of volatiles, often including methyl salicylate, indole, mono-, homo-, and sesquiterpenes. The airborne volatiles are involved in systemic responses leading to elicitation of emissions from non-damaged plant parts. For several abiotic stresses, it has been demonstrated that volatile emissions are quantitatively related to the stress dose. The biotic impacts under natural conditions vary in severity from mild to severe, but it is unclear whether volatile emissions also scale with the severity of biotic stresses in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, biotic impacts are typically recurrent, but it is poorly understood how direct stress-triggered and systemic emission responses are silenced during periods intervening sequential stress events. Here we review the information on induced emissions elicited in response to biotic attacks, and argue that biotic stress severity vs. emission rate relationships should follow principally the same dose–response relationships as previously demonstrated for different abiotic stresses. Analysis of several case studies investigating the elicitation of emissions in response to chewing herbivores, aphids, rust fungi, powdery mildew, and Botrytis, suggests that induced emissions do respond to stress severity in dose-dependent manner. Bi-phasic emission kinetics of several induced volatiles have been demonstrated in these experiments, suggesting that next to immediate stress-triggered emissions, biotic stress elicited emissions typically have a secondary induction response, possibly reflecting a systemic response. The dose–response relationships can also vary in dependence on plant genotype, herbivore feeding behavior, and plant pre-stress physiological status. Overall, the evidence suggests that there are quantitative relationships between the biotic stress severity and induced volatile emissions. These relationships constitute an encouraging platform to develop quantitative plant stress response models.
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