A biomechanical perspective on spinal mechanisms of coordinated muscular action: an architecture principle.
A biomechanical perspective on spinal mechanisms of coordinated muscular action: an architecture principle.
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协调肌肉动作的脊柱机制的生物力学视角：建筑原理。
DOI：
10.1159/000147637
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发表时间：
1994
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nichols,TR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nichols,TR
从这里回顾的研究中得出的脊髓回路的组织原则是，脊髓中分布式通路网络的结构包含了相应的肌肉骨骼系统三维结构的详细表示。给定肌肉的相关结构特征包括(1)跨关节的数量和同一性，以及(2)关节处相对于其他肌肉的扭矩方向和重力矢量的作用线。根据既定的观点，脚踝处具有共同主要作用的肌肉（协同作用）是通过兴奋的、长度依赖的通路联系在一起的。那些具有相反作用的肌肉通过相互抑制联系在一起，尽管主要不参与姿势控制的肌肉不以这种方式联系在一起。在反重力和稳定肌肉中，力依赖的抑制通路连接(1)跨越不同关节的肌肉，(2)向不同方向施加扭矩的不同协同群的成员。因此，就关节跨度和动作线而言，每块肌肉都有一套独特的动作，每块肌肉接受独特的反射输入组合。由力依赖通路的作用产生的交叉关节协调在更高的力下变得更强，随之而来的是肌肉骨骼系统自由度的降低。长度依赖通路连接肌肉，这些肌肉在关节上共享一些但不是全部的机械动作，并且在运动过程中可能有不同的激活模式。长度依赖通路似乎协调肌肉对姿势紊乱的反应，并增强关节刚度。
A principle of organization of spinal circuitry which emerges from the studies reviewed here is that the structure of the distributed network of pathways in the spinal cord contains a detailed representation of the corresponding three dimensional architecture of the musculoskeletal system. The pertinent architectural features for a given muscle include (1) the number and identity of spanned joints, and (2) the line of action at a joint with respect to the torque directions of other muscles and to the gravity vector. In accordance with established ideas, muscles with common primary actions (synergists) at the ankle are linked by excitatory, length-dependent pathways. Those muscles which have opposite actions are linked by reciprocal inhibition, although muscles which are not principally involved in postural control are not connected in this way. Among anti-gravity and stabilizing muscles, force-dependent, inhibitory pathways link (1) muscles crossing different joints, and (2) members of different synergistic groups which exert torques in different directions. Therefore, each muscle has a unique set of actions in terms of joints spanned and line of action, and each muscle receives a unique combination of reflex inputs. The cross-joint coordination resulting from actions of force-dependent pathways becomes stronger at higher forces with a consequent reduction in degrees of freedom of the musculoskeletal system. Length-dependent pathways link muscles which share some, but not all, mechanical actions at a joint and may have different patterns of activation during locomotion. Length-dependent pathways appear to coordinate muscle responses to postural disturbances and enhance joint stiffness.