Direction and timing of uplift propagation in the Peruvian Andes deduced from molecular phylogenetics of highland biotaxa
Direction and timing of uplift propagation in the Peruvian Andes deduced from molecular phylogenetics of highland biotaxa
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从高原生物类群的分子系统发育学推论秘鲁安第斯山脉隆起传播的方向和时间
DOI：
10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.024
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发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
O. Plantard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Picard;T. Sempéré;O. Plantard
物理古高程测量方法越来越多地用于估计造山带地表抬升的数量和时间。由于山脉的崛起会创造新的生态系统并引发进化变化，因此生物数据也可用于评估区域地表隆起的发展和时间。在这里，我们将这个想法应用到秘鲁的安第斯山脉通过Globodera pallida，马铃薯寄生线虫，需要凉爽的温度，因此在这些热带高地2.0-2.5公里以上茁壮成长的分子生物地理学和生物年代学分析。该物种的秘鲁种群表现出明确的进化模式，更深，更古老的谱系发生在安第斯山脉南部秘鲁和浅，年轻的谱系发生逐步向北。遗传分化的G.因此，当高原地区向北扩张时，pallida种群逐渐殖民化，这表明秘鲁安第斯山脉的海拔高度是从南到北纵向获得的，即在造山体积减少的方向上。这种独特的地理结构在其他独立的高原生物分类群中得到了承认，并指出安第斯山脉中部的造山带（CAO）是高海拔地区首次出现的地区。此外，分子钟相对于安第斯分类群，包括马铃薯番茄组，一致估计，海拔高到足以诱导生物辐射首次获得在中新世早期。经地质和生物界的联系点和层段标定后，G. pallida被用作分子钟，估计在秘鲁最南端的早中新世、在Abancay段（秘鲁南部西北部）的中中新世和晚中新世以及在秘鲁中部和北方的最晚中新世达到2.0-2.5 km的阈值海拔范围。虽然不确定性附加到地质年代学的年龄是显着大于来自地质年代学的方法，这些结果是相当一致的同时代的地质现象沿着秘鲁安第斯山脉。他们强烈建议，造山体积最初开发的CAO在中新世的大部分时间，直到在最新的中新世的突破允许向北传播的地壳增厚到中部和北方秘鲁，可能是由韧性地壳流从CAO。这样一个结合了地理学和年代学的区域隆升方法，为估计其他新生代造山带的海拔高度的方向和获取时间开辟了前景。
Physical paleoaltimetric methods are increasingly used to estimate the amount and timing of surface uplift in orogens. Because the rise of mountains creates new ecosystems and triggers evolutionary changes, biological data may also be used to assess the development and timing of regional surface uplift. Here we apply this idea to the Peruvian Andes through a molecular phylogeographic and phylochronologic analysis of Globodera pallida, a potato parasite nematode that requires cool temperatures and thus thrives above 2.0–2.5 km in these tropical highlands. The Peruvian populations of this species exhibit a clear evolutionary pattern with deeper, more ancient lineages occurring in Andean southern Peru and shallower, younger lineages occurring progressively northwards. Genetically diverging G. pallida populations thus progressively colonized highland areas as these were expanding northwards, demonstrating that altitude in the Peruvian Andes was acquired longitudinally from south to north, i.e. in the direction of decreasing orogenic volume. This phylogeographic structure is recognized in other, independent highland biotaxa, and point to the Central Andean Orocline (CAO) as the region where high altitudes first emerged. Moreover, molecular clocks relative to Andean taxa, including the potato–tomato group, consistently estimate that altitudes high enough to induce biotic radiation were first acquired in the Early Miocene. After calibration by geological and biological tie-points and intervals, the phylogeny of G. pallida is used as a molecular clock, which estimates that the 2.0–2.5 km threshold elevation range was reached in the Early Miocene in southernmost Peru, in the Middle and Late Miocene in the Abancay segment (NW southern Peru), and from the latest Miocene in central and northern Peru. Although uncertainties attached to phylochronologic ages are significantly larger than those derived from geochronological methods, these results are fairly consistent with coeval geological phenomena along the Peruvian Andes. They strongly suggest that orogenic volume initially developed in the CAO during most of the Miocene until a breakthrough in the latest Miocene allowed the northward propagation of crustal thickening into central and northern Peru, possibly by ductile crustal flow from the CAO. Such a combined phylogeographic and phylochronologic approach to regional uplift opens perspectives to estimate the direction(s) and timing of acquisition of altitude over other Cenozoic orogens.