Introductory notes on "Predictive information processing in the brain: principles, neural mechanisms, and models".
Introductory notes on "Predictive information processing in the brain: principles, neural mechanisms, and models".
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“大脑中的预测信息处理：原理、神经机制和模型”的介绍性笔记
DOI：
10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.015
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
I. (Eds.)
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schröger;Winkler;I. (Eds.)
生存和达到行为目标需要任何生物体使其行为适应环境。为此，我们需要知道做什么，如何做，何时做。适应的两个方面隐含着生物体和环境的未来状态。首先，与我们收集信息的时候相比，我们的行为必然会与不断变化的世界的未来状态相互作用。例如，当拦截一个移动的物体时，比如一个扔给我们的球，仅仅知道物体当前的位置是不够的;我们需要评估我们在哪里和什么时候可以抓住它，换句话说，我们必须计算它的轨迹。要做到这一点，基于所获得的有关相关对象（包括我们自己）的实际动态配置的信息以及有关它们可能的行为和能力的一般知识（例如飞行球的典型“行为”以及我们自己的移动性和范围）的推断必须指导我们的行动选择。其次，我们需要评估我们的行为可能产生的后果，以确定哪些有利于实现我们的目标，并组织我们的行为;即，为即将到来的事情做好准备，从而防止我们自己的行为产生不必要的结果。这两种类型的预测都依赖于我们过去对世界上突发事件的了解。没有这些，就无法做出预测。虽然这些知识的一部分可能已经通过进化编码在我们的大脑中，但相当一部分与我们作为行为和感知个体对世界的体验有关。从这个意义上说，我们的大脑可以被看作是一个检测和监测现有的神经元的装置，这样它就可以对世界进行建模，并得出关于其未来状态的预测。预测处理的概念很早就被人类行为研究的一些领域所采用，如运动控制，心理语言学，决策心理学等。其他领域，如感知研究，在过去的二十年里，随着一般理论的兴起，这一概念得到了兴起，这些理论将预测处理视为神经系统的核心功能。应该指出的是，预测处理发生在人类寿命的所有可能的时间尺度上，从感觉和运动编程的毫秒范围到几十年，例如为退休做经济准备。此外，大脑在预测未来的任务中表现得如此优雅，以至于其中很大一部分过程都是在没有明确意图的情况下发生的，甚至在我们的意识之外。
Survival and reaching behavioral goals require any organism to adapt its behavior to the environment. For this we need to know what to do, how and when to do it. Two aspects of adaptation implicitly refer to future states of the organism and the environment. Firstly, compared to the time when we gathered our information, our actions necessarily interact with future states of an ever-changing world. For example, when intercepting a moving object, such as a ball thrown to us, it is not sufficient to know where the object is currently located; rather we need to assess where and when we can catch it. In other words, we have to calculate its trajectory. To do so, extrapolations based on the information obtained about the actual dynamic configuration of the relevant objects (including ourselves) and general knowledge about their possible behaviors and capabilities, such as the typical “behavior” of flying balls as well as our own mobility and reach, must guide our choice of actions. Secondly, we need to assess the likely consequences of our actions both to determine which are advantageous for achieving our goals and also to organize our behavior; ie, prepare our body for what is coming, thus preventing unwanted outcomes of our own actions. Both types of predictions rely on what we have learned in the past about contingencies in the world. Without these, no predictions could be made. Although part of this knowledge may have been encoded in our brain through evolution, a considerable part is related to our own experience with the world as acting and sensing individuals. In this sense, our brain can be regarded as a device that detects and monitors existing regularities so that it can model the world and derive predictions regarding its future states.The notion of predictive processing has been picked up early by some fields of the study of human behavior, such as motor control, psycholinguistics, the psychology of decision making, etc. Other fields, such as the study of perception, have seen an upsurge of this concept in the past two decades with general theories, which regard predictive processing as the core function of the nervous system. It should be noted that predictive processing occurs on all possible timescales of the human lifespan, from the millisecond range in sensory and motor programming to tens of years, such as financially preparing for one's retirement. Further, the brain performs the task of predicting the future so elegantly that a large proportion of the processes involved happen without our explicit intention and even outside of our awareness.