Ecological Origins of Object Salience: Reward, Uncertainty, Aversiveness, and Novelty.
Ecological Origins of Object Salience: Reward, Uncertainty, Aversiveness, and Novelty.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnins.2016.00378
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Hikosaka O
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ghazizadeh A;Griggs W;Hikosaka O
在我们周围的许多物体中，有些比其他物体更突出（即自动吸引我们的注意力）。有些物体可能天生突出（例如，更亮），而另一些物体可能由于其通过经验产生的生态相关性而变得突出。然而，生态经验在自动注意中的作用尚未得到系统的研究。为了解决这个问题，我们让受试者（猕猴）观看大量复杂的物体（300个），每个物体都反复经历（5天）奖励、厌恶或没有结果的关联（仅仅是感知暴露）。显著性测试在不同的日子进行，使用自由观看，没有结果。我们发现，目光从一开始就偏向于物体，影响对物体的扫视或对物体的注视。当结果是奖励时，对于奖励较大或相等但不确定的物体，凝视偏好更强（即积极）。厌恶结果的影响是可变的。凝视偏好对某些结果的关联是积极的（例如，吹气），但对其他结果的关联是消极的（例如，暂停），可能是由于威胁水平的差异。最后，新奇的物体吸引了人们的目光，但仅仅是对物体的感性暴露降低了它们的显著性（习得的负面显著性）。我们的研究结果表明，在灵长类动物中，物体显著性受到先前生态经验的强烈影响，并得到大记忆容量的支持。由于如此高的学习显著性能力，快速选择重要对象的能力可以在整个生命中不断增长，以促进生物适应性。
Among many objects around us, some are more salient than others (i.e., attract our attention automatically). Some objects may be inherently salient (e.g., brighter), while others may become salient by virtue of their ecological relevance through experience. However, the role of ecological experience in automatic attention has not been studied systematically. To address this question, we let subjects (macaque monkeys) view a large number of complex objects (>300), each experienced repeatedly (>5 days) with rewarding, aversive or no outcome association (mere-perceptual exposure). Test of salience was done on separate days using free viewing with no outcome. We found that gaze was biased among the objects from the outset, affecting saccades to objects or fixations within objects. When the outcome was rewarding, gaze preference was stronger (i.e., positive) for objects with larger or equal but uncertain rewards. The effects of aversive outcomes were variable. Gaze preference was positive for some outcome associations (e.g., airpuff), but negative for others (e.g., time-out), possibly due to differences in threat levels. Finally, novel objects attracted gaze, but mere perceptual exposure of objects reduced their salience (learned negative salience). Our results show that, in primates, object salience is strongly influenced by previous ecological experience and is supported by a large memory capacity. Owing to such high capacity for learned salience, the ability to rapidly choose important objects can grow during the entire life to promote biological fitness.