Cholera
Cholera
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DOI：
10.1128/microbiolspec.poh-0012-2015
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发表时间：
2016-08-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Caini, Saverio
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lippi, Donatella;Gotuzzo, Eduardo;Caini, Saverio
霍乱是由霍乱弧菌引起的一种急性胃肠道疾病。 1817 年，霍乱首次从印度蔓延至世界其他地区，当时霍乱仅局限于亚洲。这次出现之后，19 世纪和 20 世纪又发生了六次重大流行病，其中最近一次起源于 20 世纪 60 年代的印度尼西亚，目前仍在持续。 1854年，英国医生约翰·斯诺（John Snow，1813年至1858年）对伦敦苏豪区爆发的霍乱进行了调查。他描述了疫情爆发的时间过程，设法了解其传播途径，并提出了阻止其传播的有效措施，从而产生了现代传染病流行病学。引起霍乱的细菌曾两次被发现：第一次是由意大利医生菲利波·帕西尼 (Filippo Pacini) 在 1854 年意大利佛罗伦萨爆发霍乱时发现的，然后是罗伯特·科赫 (Robert Koch) 于 1883 年在印度独立发现的，因此细菌理论优于疾病瘴气理论。与鼠疫、天花和脊髓灰质炎等许多其他传染病不同，尽管有有效的预防和治疗方法，霍乱仍然是世界范围内的一个巨大的公共卫生问题。其持续存在的主要原因是社会经济因素而非纯粹的生物学因素；在卫生条件不佳以及本已脆弱的卫生和保健基础设施因自然灾害或人道主义危机而崩溃的地方，霍乱就会猖獗。
Cholera is an acute disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by Vibrio cholerae. Cholera was localized in Asia until 1817, when a first pandemic spread from India to several other regions of the world. After this appearance, six additional major pandemics occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries, the latest of which originated in Indonesia in the 1960s and is still ongoing. In 1854, a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, was investigated by the English physician John Snow (1813 to 1858). He described the time course of the outbreak, managed to understand its routes of transmission, and suggested effective measures to stop its spread, giving rise to modern infectious disease epidemiology. The germ responsible for cholera was discovered twice: first by the Italian physician Filippo Pacini during an outbreak in Florence, Italy, in 1854, and then independently by Robert Koch in India in 1883, thus favoring the germ theory over the miasma theory of disease. Unlike many other infectious diseases, such as plague, smallpox, and poliomyelitis, cholera persists as a huge public health problem worldwide, even though there are effective methods for its prevention and treatment. The main reasons for its persistence are socioeconomic rather than purely biological; cholera flourishes where there are unsatisfactory hygienic conditions and where a breakdown of already fragile sanitation and health infrastructure occurs because of natural disasters or humanitarian crises.