Occurrence of Human Pharmaceuticals in Water Resources of the United States: A Review
Occurrence of Human Pharmaceuticals in Water Resources of the United States: A Review
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美国水资源中人类药物的存在：回顾
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-662-09259-0_7
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Furlong
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Focazio;D. Kolpin;E. Furlong
一些药品和其他有机废水化合物在全球范围内广泛存在（例如：Buser等人，1998年; Ternes 1998年; Stumpf等人，1999年; Heberer等人，2001年; Kümmerer 2001年; Ternes等人，2001年; Scheytt等人，2001年; Golet等人，2002年; Kolpin等人，2002年; Boyd等人，2003年; Metcalf等人，2003年）。最近，已经有几篇文献综述和总结性研究，涉及地球仪废水和相关环境沃茨中目标人类药物的发生、归宿、运输和处理（例如：Daughton和Ternes 1999; Sedlak等人2000; Suter和Giger 2000; Daughton和Jones-Lepp 2001; Jones等人2001; Heberer 2002;和Drewes等人，2002年）。药物化合物在水资源中的出现是由于其普遍使用、排泄所消耗的大部分物质以及废水处理过程中的不完全去除（Stumpf等人，1999年）。最近，地球仪水资源中痕量药物浓度（通常低于十亿分之一）的检测有所增加，这反映了实验室分析方法的改进（Sedlak等人，2000年）以及相关的实地调查的增加。欧洲和北海大型河流中药物化合物的检测（Buser等人，1998年; Ternes 1998年; Stumpf等人（1999年）强调了这样一个事实，即高度可溶的痕量有机化合物（如药物）可能在废水处理中无法去除，通过传统的废水处理工艺混合和浓缩废水，可以提供一种将这些化学品输送到在环境沃茨中的微量元素会大规模污染水资源（Richardson和Bowron，1985年）。在美国，几十年前，在与垃圾填埋场渗滤液或污水流出物相关的沃茨中首次发现了有限数量的药物活性化合物或其转化产物（Tabak和Bunch，1970年; Garrison等人，1976年; Hignite和Azarnoff，1977年; Bouwer等人，1982年; Eckel等人，1991年）。在进行这些研究时，其他工业污染物是监管和科学关注的焦点;因此，很少对药物化合物的环境发生和运输进行进一步研究。
The widespread environmental presence of some pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater compounds has been documented globally (e.g. Buser et al. 1998; Ternes 1998; Stumpf et al.1999; Heberer et al. 2001; Kümmerer 2001; Ternes et al. 2001; Scheytt et al. 2001; Golet et al. 2002; Kolpin et al. 2002; Boyd et al. 2003; Metcalf et al. 2003). Recently, there have been several literature reviews and summary studies of the occurrence, fate, transport, and treatment of targeted human pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and associated environmental waters across the globe (e.g. Daughton and Ternes 1999; Sedlak et al. 2000; Suter and Giger 2000; Daughton and Jones-Lepp 2001; Jones et al. 2001; Heberer 2002; and Drewes et al. 2002). The occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in water resources is explained by their ubiquitous use, excretion of large percentages of the mass consumed, and incomplete removal during wastewater treatment (Stumpf et al.1999). The recent increase in detection of trace concentrations (typically less than a part per billion) of pharmaceuticals in water resources across the globe reflects improvements in laboratory analytical methods (Sedlak et al. 2000) and the associated increases in field surveys. The detection of pharmaceutical compounds in large rivers in Europe and in the North Sea (Buser et al. 1998; Ternes 1998; Stumpf et al. 1999) highlighted the fact that highly soluble, trace organic compounds, such as pharmaceuticals, may escape removal in wastewater treatment, and the mixing and concentration of wastewaters through conventional wastewater treatment processes could provide a means of delivering these chemicals to environmental waters in a manner that would contaminate water resources on a large scale at trace levels (Richardson and Bowron 1985). In the United States, some of the first detections of a limited number of pharmaceutically active compounds or their transformation products were found in waters associated with landfill leachates or sewage effluent (Tabak and Bunch 1970; Garrison et al. 1976; Hignite and Azarnoff 1977; Bouwer et al. 1982; Eckel et al. 1991) decades ago. At the time of these studies, other industrial contaminants were the focus of regulatory and scientific interest; therefore, further studies on the environmental occurrence and transport of pharmaceutical compounds were rare.