Control Points in Ecosystems: Moving Beyond the Hot Spot Hot Moment Concept
Control Points in Ecosystems: Moving Beyond the Hot Spot Hot Moment Concept
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DOI：
10.1007/s10021-016-0103-y
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发表时间：
2017-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Seybold, Erin C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bernhardt, Emily S.;Blaszczak, Joanna R.;Seybold, Erin C.
“热点和热点时刻”一词于2003年首次进入词典，这是在McClain和其他人发表了论文“陆地和水生生态系统界面的生物地球化学热点和热点时刻”（Ecosystems 6：301-312，2003）之后。本文描述了稀有地点和稀有事件对景观和生态系统尺度上元素运动产生不成比例影响的潜力。在这里，我们研究如何巧妙命名的热点和热点时刻的概念（以下简称HSHM）在过去的13年中影响地球化学和生态系统科学。我们具体研究了HSHM概念在多大程度上：（1）激励研究，旨在了解生物地球化学行为如何以及为什么在时空尺度上变化;（2）提高我们检测HSHM现象的能力;（3）影响我们的方法恢复和生态系统管理实践。我们发现，HSHM的概念提供了一个非常肥沃的框架，大量的研究养分循环的时空动态，并在这样做，提高了我们的理解，何时何地，生物地球化学速率最大化。尽管该术语的使用率很高，但我们发现严格的统计或建模方法的例子有限，这些方法不仅可以让生态系统科学家识别，而且可以扩展HSHM对生态系统过程的总体影响。我们认为，“热点和热点时刻”一词包括两个隐含的假设，实际上可能会限制应用这一概念的进展。首先，通过区分“热点”和“热点时刻”，这一短语将地球化学行为的空间和时间成分分开。相反，我们认为，一个假定的热点的时间动态是一个基本的特点，应该在他们的描述。第二，形容词“热”暗示一个地方或一个时间必须被分为“热或不热”。“相反，我们认为，每一个感兴趣的景观都包含了广泛的地球化学过程速率，这些速率对关键驱动因素做出了反应，而这种地球化学地形的渐变比最大峰值更令人感兴趣。出于这些原因，我们建议将HSHM术语替换为更微妙的术语生态系统控制点。“生态系统控制”表明，速率必须具有足够的幅度或普遍性，以影响生态系统的动态，而“点”则允许同时包含空间和时间动态的描述。我们进一步认为，至少有四种不同类型的生态系统控制点，其影响产生通过不同的水文和地球化学机制。我们的目标是提供工具，研究人员可以开发可测试的假设有关的时空动力学的地球化学，将刺激更准确地识别，建模和缩放地球化学异质性的进步，以更好地了解生态系统过程。
The phrase "hot spots and hot moments" first entered the lexicon in 2003, following the publication of the paper "Biogeochemical hot spots and hot moments at the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems" by McClain and others (Ecosystems 6:301-312, 2003). This paper described the potential for rare places and rare events to exert a disproportionate influence on the movement of elements at the scale of landscapes and ecosystems. Here, we examine how the cleverly named hot spot and hot moment concept (hereafter HSHM) has influenced biogeochemistry and ecosystem science over the last 13 years. We specifically examined the extent to which the HSHM concept has: (1) motivated research aimed at understanding how and why biogeochemical behavior varies across spatiotemporal scales; (2) improved our ability to detect HSHM phenomena; and (3) influenced our approaches to restoration and ecosystem management practices. We found that the HSHM concept has provided a highly fertile framework for a substantial volume of research on the spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrient cycling, and in doing so, has improved our understanding of when and where biogeochemical rates are maximized. Despite the high usage of the term, we found limited examples of rigorous statistical or modeling approaches that would allow ecosystem scientists to not only identify, but scale the aggregate impact of HSHM on ecosystem processes. We propose that the phrase "hot spots and hot moments" includes two implicit assumptions that may actually be limiting progress in applying the concept. First, by differentiating "hot spots" from "hot moments," the phrase separates the spatial and temporal components of biogeochemical behavior. Instead, we argue that the temporal dynamics of a putative hot spot are a fundamental trait that should be used in their description. Second, the adjective "hot" implicitly suggests that a place or a time must be dichotomously classified as "hot or not." We suggest instead that each landscape of interest contains a wide range of biogeochemical process rates that respond to critical drivers, and the gradations of this biogeochemical topography are of greater interest than the maximum peaks. For these reasons, we recommend replacing the HSHM terminology with the more nuanced term ecosystem control points. "Ecosystem control" suggests that the rate must be of sufficient magnitude or ubiquity to affect dynamics of the ecosystem, while "points" allows for descriptions that simultaneously incorporate both spatial and temporal dynamics. We further suggest that there are at least four distinct types of ecosystem control points whose influence arises through distinct hydrologic and biogeochemical mechanisms. Our goal is to provide the tools with which researchers can develop testable hypotheses regarding the spatiotemporal dynamics of biogeochemistry that will stimulate advances in more accurately identifying, modeling and scaling biogeochemical heterogeneity to better understand ecosystem processes.