Applicability of pepper mild mottle virus and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus as process indicators of enteric virus removal by membrane processes at a potable reuse facility
Applicability of pepper mild mottle virus and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus as process indicators of enteric virus removal by membrane processes at a potable reuse facility
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辣椒轻度斑驳病毒和黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒作为饮用水再利用设施中膜工艺去除肠道病毒的工艺指标的适用性
DOI：
10.1016/j.watres.2021.117735
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Katayama Hiroyuki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yasui Midori;Iso Hikaru;Torii Shotaro;Matsui Yasuhiro;Katayama Hiroyuki
处理废水以供饮用回用正日益成为满足世界各地日益增长的城市用水需求的一种合适的替代水源。饮用水重复使用需要将肠道病毒减少到不会对人类健康构成风险的水平。高级水处理系统（如微滤（MF）、超滤（UF）、反渗透（RO）以及紫外线和高级氧化工艺（UV/AOP））在高度处理的最终产品水中提供了显著的保护并减少了病毒载量。尽管病毒是一个主要问题，但膜过程去除病毒的性能并不容易确定。本研究的目的是评价爱知病毒（AiV）、辣椒轻度斑驳病毒（PMMoV）、黄瓜绿色斑驳花叶病毒（CGMMV）和交叉组装噬菌体（crAssphage）去除作为MF、UF和RO可能的工艺指标的适用性。利用分子方法测定基因拷贝数，确定MF和UF的病毒对数还原值（lrv）。经MF和UF处理后，所有病毒的中位lrv分别为2.9和3.1。这些指标的LRVs低于人类肠道病毒的LRVs。各指标的形态和理化差异对lrv没有影响。因此，所有提出的指示病毒都被确定为适合作为MF和UF工艺指标的候选病毒。对于RO，本研究中检测到的大多数病毒在渗透液中检测不到。只有PMMoV和CGMMV的中位lrv分别为2.8和2.5。PMMoV和CGMMV被推荐为整个水处理过程中物理除病毒的良好工艺指标。
Treatment of wastewater for potable reuse is increasingly becoming a suitable alternative water source to meet the growing urban water needs worldwide. Potable reuse requires reduction of enteric viruses to levels at which they do not pose a risk to human health. Advanced water treatment trains (e.g., microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and ultraviolet light and advanced oxidation process (UV/AOP)) provide significant protection and reduce virus loads in highly treated final product waters. Even though viruses are a principal concern, the performance of virus removal by membrane processes is not easily determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of Aichi virus (AiV), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), and cross-assembly phage (crAssphage) removal as possible process indicators for MF, UF, and RO. Virus log reduction values (LRVs) based on gene copies measured using molecular methods were determined for MF and UF. The median LRVs of all viruses obtained after MF and UF were 2.9 and 3.1, respectively. The LRVs of the proposed indicators were lower than those of human enteric viruses. The morphological and physicochemical difference among indicators was not found to affect LRVs. Therefore, all proposed indicator viruses were determined to be suitable candidates as process indicators for MF and UF. Regarding RO, most of the viruses measured in this study were undetectable in permeate. Only PMMoV and CGMMV were detected showing median LRVs of 2.8 and 2.5, respectively. PMMoV and CGMMV are recommended as good process indicators of physical virus removal for the overall water treatment process.