Earthquake Ground‐Motion Simulation including Nonlinear Soil Effects under Idealized Conditions with Application to Two Case Studies
Earthquake Ground‐Motion Simulation including Nonlinear Soil Effects under Idealized Conditions with Application to Two Case Studies
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DOI：
10.1785/0220120079
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发表时间：
2012-11
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
R. Taborda;J. Bielak;Doriam Restrepo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Taborda;J. Bielak;Doriam Restrepo
沉积物中土壤的非线性行为仍然是场地特征描述中最相关和最具挑战性的方面之一。岩土工程师在20世纪60年代末和70年代初开始研究土壤的剪切模量和阻尼比随应变幅度增加而变化（例如，Seed和Idriss，1969年;哈丁和Drnevich，1972年）。然而，在1989年洛马普列塔和1994年北岭地震之后的观测以及台湾的SMART 1和SMART 2阵列等监测项目中，地震学家才完全接受土壤非线性对地面运动的影响（Field等人，1998年;阿基，2003年）。这些事件和阵列表明，土壤非线性导致远离源的永久变形，相对于较小事件，土岩比平均减少2倍，剪切模量和剪切波速分别减少80%和50%（例如，Wen，1994; Beresnev et al.，1995; Field et al.，1997）。土壤非线性在0.5至4 Hz的频率范围内似乎更突出（例如，Darragh和Shakal，1991年; Field等人，1997年; Beresnev，2002年），并且与峰值地面加速度值高于0.1-0.2 g和剪切应变大于10−5至10−4（例如，Chang等，1989; Chin和阿基，1991; Beresnev和Wen，1996; Trifunac和Todorovska，1996）。非线性土壤行为和影响的建模和模拟也可以追溯到20世纪60年代和70年代（例如，Idriss and Seed，1968; Schnabel，Seed，and Lysmer，1972; Joyner and Chen，1975）.早期的一维和二维研究大多使用等效线性模型进行。虽然这些模型并没有捕捉到所有的特征...
Nonlinear soil behavior in sediments remains one of the most relevant and challenging aspects in site characterization. Geotechnical engineers began studying soil changes in the shear modulus and damping ratio with increasing strain amplitude in the late 1960s and early 1970s (e.g., Seed and Idriss, 1969; Hardin and Drnevich, 1972). However, the influence of soil nonlinearities on the ground motion, in places other than those involving liquefaction, was not fully accepted by seismologists until observations made after the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, and from monitoring projects such as the SMART1 and SMART2 arrays in Taiwan (Field et al. , 1998; Aki, 2003). These events and arrays showed that soil nonlinearities caused permanent deformations away from the source, reductions in soil‐to‐rock ratios by average factors of 2 with respect to those of smaller events, and reductions in shear moduli and shear‐wave velocities of up to 80% and 50%, respectively (e.g., Wen, 1994; Beresnev et al. , 1995; Field et al. , 1997). Soil nonlinearities seem to be more prominent in frequency ranges from 0.5 to 4 Hz (e.g., Darragh and Shakal, 1991; Field et al. , 1997; Beresnev, 2002), and have been associated with peak ground acceleration values above 0.1–0.2 g and shear strains larger than 10−5 to 10−4 (e.g., Chang et al. , 1989; Chin and Aki, 1991; Beresnev and Wen, 1996; Trifunac and Todorovska, 1996). Modeling and simulation of nonlinear soil behavior and effects also date back to the 1960s and 1970s (e.g., Idriss and Seed, 1968; Schnabel, Seed, and Lysmer, 1972; Joyner and Chen, 1975). Early 1D and 2D studies were mostly done using equivalent linear models. Although these models do not capture all the characteristics …