Compositional Differences in the Habitat-Forming Bryozoan Communities of the Antarctic Shelf
Compositional Differences in the Habitat-Forming Bryozoan Communities of the Antarctic Shelf
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2018.00116
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发表时间：
2018-08
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
S. Santagata;Veronica Ade;A. Mahon;Phillip A. Wisocki;K. Halanych
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Santagata;Veronica Ade;A. Mahon;Phillip A. Wisocki;K. Halanych
在南极大陆架的某些地区，苔藓虫非常丰富，它们充当生态系统工程师，创造了覆盖广泛的海底的二级结构，并庇护了许多其他物种。由于全球变暖和海洋酸化的联合力量威胁着这些栖息地，我们使用两种技术对海底进行成像，即YoYo相机系统和AWI海底观测系统（OFOS），测量了形成栖息地的苔藓虫群落的组成。在纳撒尼尔号B研究船的研究航行中，对别林斯高晋海、阿蒙森海和罗斯海进行了YoYo相机断面测量。2013年的帕尔默。OFOS样带包括北方帕尔默群岛的站点，该群岛与斯科舍海和威德尔海接壤，分别在2013年和2015-16年的R/V Polarstern PS 81和PS 96巡航期间作为DynAMO项目的一部分。苔藓虫群落的面积是使用为FIJI软件开发的可训练Weka分割插件提供的机器学习算法从海底图像中测量的。在帕尔默群岛和罗斯海的藻类形成苔藓虫群落主要是由anascan flustrid物种细矿化骨骼，并在较小程度上由其他Ascophoran lepraliomorph和umbonulomorph物种具有更强大的矿化骨骼。虽然栖息地形成苔藓虫群落在较浅（200米）的威德尔海的网站也包含flustrid物种，百分比面积和组成的flustrid苔藓虫随着深度的增加而下降。在威德尔海，Lepraliomorph和umbonulomorph苔藓虫的形态类型更丰富，保持其相对百分比面积和增加其百分比组成之间的200 - 400米。此外，我们基于外部收集的数据集对物种组成的分析显示，与我们的海底成像研究相比，殖民地矿化的地点、深度和程度之间存在类似的趋势。阿蒙森和别林斯高晋海苔藓虫物种组成的变化表明，这些地区可能代表不同的苔藓虫群落，需要通过远程成像调查进一步验证。总体而言，南极栖息地形成苔藓虫群落之间的组成差异可能受到季节性冰冲刷和碳酸盐化学的综合影响，在日益酸化和变暖的海洋中，这可能会使威德尔海东部的群落面临更大的风险。
In some areas of the Antarctic shelf, bryozoans are abundant, acting as ecosystem engineers creating secondary structures with wide benthic coverage and harboring numerous other species. As the combined forces of global warming and ocean acidification threaten these habitats, we measured the composition of habitat-forming bryozoan communities using two techniques for imaging the sea floor, a YoYo-camera system and the AWI Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS). YoYo-camera transects of the Bellingshausen, Amundsen, and Ross Seas were conducted during a research cruise on the R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer in 2013. OFOS transects included sites in the northern Palmer Archipelago where it borders the Scotia Sea and the Weddell Sea as part of the DynAMO project during the PS81 and PS96 cruises of R/V Polarstern in 2013 and 2015-16, respectively. Areas of bryozoan colonies were measured from the sea floor images using machine-learning algorithms available through the Trainable Weka Segmentation plugin developed for FIJI software. Habitat-forming bryozoan communities in the Palmer Archipelago and Ross Sea were largely composed of anascan flustrid species with finely mineralized skeletons, and to a lesser extent by other ascophoran lepraliomorph and umbonulomorph species having more robustly mineralized skeletons. Although habitat-forming bryozoan communities in the shallower (200 m) sites of the Weddell Sea also contained flustrid species, percent area and composition of flustrid bryozoans declined with increasing depth. Lepraliomorph and umbonulomorph bryozoan morphotypes were more abundant in the Weddell Sea, maintaining their relative percent area and increasing their percent composition between 200 - 400 m. Moreover, our analyses of species composition based on externally gathered datasets show similar trends among sites, depths, and degrees of colony mineralization to our seabed imaging study. Variation present in the bryozoan species compositions of the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas suggest that these areas potentially represent divergent bryozoan communities requiring further validation via remote imaging surveys. Overall, compositional differences among Antarctic habitat-forming bryozoan communities are likely influenced by the combined effects of seasonal ice scour and carbonate chemistry, which in an increasingly acidified and warming ocean may put the communities of the eastern Weddell Sea at greater risk.