MORPHOMETRIC ADAPTATION OF THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L., IN THE UNITED STATES
MORPHOMETRIC ADAPTATION OF THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L., IN THE UNITED STATES
复制标题
美国家蝇 (Musca domestica L.) 的形态适应
DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01046.x
复制
发表时间：
1977
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
E. H. Bryant
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. H. Bryant
长期以来，人们认识到，一个物种的地理种群之间的形态差异可以揭示对环境的适应模式和最终的物种形成。对这种变异的大多数早期研究仅限于少数几个性状（例如，阿尔帕托夫，1929年;直到计算机的出现，才能通过适当的协变技术（如主成分分析或因子分析）来分析大量的性状，以分离和识别形态发生的潜在模式（Blackith，1960）。然而，地理变异分析的统计革命并没有产生类似的对种群动态的洞察革命，而且在大多数情况下，形态测量方法已经被对系统学不感兴趣的种群生物学家所抛弃。这个问题的一部分是，很少有现代研究试图将变异性的空间和时间方面或遗传原因与表型的环境诱导分开，这通常存在于早期工作中（例如，Goldschalmer，1934; Stalker and卡森，1947，1948，1949）.本文试图划分家蝇的形态变异，在美国的时间，空间和遗传成分，从而阐明了适应不同环境的动力学在这个物种。在美国缺乏系统公认的家蝇variatioi提供了合理的保证，从广泛的人群苍蝇的共同生态位和栖息地的要求，使样本分区的变化可以比较，以揭示人口适应不断变化的环境的趋势。这里使用的方法的本质，并行方差分析，是收集苍蝇从许多地方在美国各地，返回到选定的地方在同一时间在随后的几年中，以评估网站内的年与年的变化，然后按照至少一个人口全年确定的季节性组成部分的形态变化。因此，方差分量可以估计在这些不同水平的潜在变化，以辨别形态适应的根本原因。重复收集的地方和野生和实验室饲养的苍蝇之间的比较被用来确定重复性和一致性的模式的协变，并确定遗传承诺的程度形态学反应。
It has long been recognized that morphometric difference among geographic populations of a species can reveal modes of adaptation to environment and of eventual speciation. Most early studies of such variation were limited to few characters (e.g., Alpatov, 1929; Dobzhansky, 1933), and not until the advent of computers could large suites of characters be analyzed by appropriate techniques of covariation, such as principal component or factor analysis, to isolate and identify underlying patterns of morphogenesis (Blackith, 1960). The statistical revolution in geographic variation analysis, however, has not generated a similar revolution of insight into population dynamics, and for the most part, morphometric approaches have been abandoned by population biologists uninterested in systematics. A part of this problem is that few modern studies attempt to separate spatial from temporal aspects of variability or genetic causation from environmental induction of phenotype, typically present in early work (e.g., Goldschmidt, 1934; Stalker and Carson, 1947, 1948, 1949). This paper attempts to partition morphometric variation in the housefly, Musca domestica L., in the United States into temporal, spatial, and genetic components, and thereby elucidate the dynamics of adaptation to differing environments in this species. The lack of systematically recognized variatioi of the housefly in the United States offers reasonable assurance of common niche and habitat requirements of flies from widespread populations, so that sample partitions of variation can be compared to reveal trends of populational adaptation to changing environments. The essence of the methodology utilized here, paralleling an analysis of variance, was to collect flies from numerous localities throughout the United States, return to selected localities at the same times in subsequent years to assess year-to-year variation within sites, and then to follow at least one population throughout the year to determine a seasonal component of morphometric change. Thus variance components can be estimated at these various levels of potential variation, to discern underlying causes of morphometric adaptation. Comparisons among repeated collections within localities and between wild and laboratory reared flies were used to determine repeatability and consistency in patterns of covariation and to ascertain the extent of genetic commitment to morphometric response.