Emerging pollutants in the environment: present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation
Emerging pollutants in the environment: present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation
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DOI：
10.1016/j.nbt.2014.01.001
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发表时间：
2015-01-25
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Fava, Fabio
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gavrilescu, Maria;Demnerova, Katerina;Fava, Fabio
新出现的污染物从各种人为来源进入环境，并分布在整个环境基质中。尽管近几十年来在痕量污染物的检测和分析方面取得了很大进展，但由于特定技术的不断发展和完善，需要在各种环境组分和生物组织中识别和定量各种未检测到的新出现的环境问题污染物。这些污染物可能是移动的，即使浓度很低，也会在空气、水、土壤、沉积物和生态受体中持久存在。关于它们在环境中的命运和行为以及它们对生态和人类健康的威胁，仍然缺乏可靠的数据。此外，一些新出现的微污染物的生态毒理学意义在很大程度上仍然未知，因为通常不存在确定其风险的令人满意的数据。本文讨论了与新出现的化学物质相关的归宿、行为、（生物）监测、环境和健康风险。（药物、内分泌干扰物、激素、毒素等）和生物本报告介绍了土壤、沉积物、地下水、工业和城市废水、水产养殖废水以及淡水和海洋生态系统中的（细菌、病毒）微污染物，并强调了（生物）去除这些微污染物的新领域。我们的研究旨在证明，迫切需要根据每种新兴污染物的吸收、作用模式和后果，促进新的、具有成本效益的处理技术的研究和创新。我们还讨论了用于评价毒性对人类健康的影响以及预测环境中微生物可用性和降解的创新工具的主题。此外，我们还考虑开发（生物）传感器，以实时模式进行环境监测。这需要解决多个物种，沿着更有效地利用能够降解内分泌干扰物和其他微污染物的专门微生物或酶。实际上，这些活动的成果将建立知识基础，并制定解决方案，以填补全球面临的重大创新差距。
Emerging pollutants reach the environment from various anthropogenic sources and are distributed throughout environmental matrices. Although great advances have been made in the detection and analysis of trace pollutants during recent decades, due to the continued development and refinement of specific techniques, a wide array of undetected contaminants of emerging environmental concern need to be identified and quantified in various environmental components and biological tissues. These pollutants may be mobile and persistent in air, water, soil, sediments and ecological receptors even at low concentrations. Robust data on their fate and behaviour in the environment, as well as on threats to ecological and human health, are still lacking. Moreover, the ecotoxicological significance of some emerging micropollutants remains largely unknown, because satisfactory data to determine their risk often do not exist.This paper discusses the fate, behaviour, (bio)monitoring, environmental and health risks associated with emerging chemical (pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, hormones, toxins, among others) and biological (bacteria, viruses) micropollutants in soils, sediments, groundwater, industrial and municipal wastewaters, aquaculture effluents, and freshwater and marine ecosystems, and highlights new horizons for their (bio)removal. Our study aims to demonstrate the imperative need to boost research and innovation for new and cost-effective treatment technologies, in line with the uptake, mode of action and consequences of each emerging contaminant. We also address the topic of innovative tools for the evaluation of the effects of toxicity on human health and for the prediction of microbial availability and degradation in the environment. Additionally, we consider the development of (bio)sensors to perform environmental monitoring in real-time mode. This needs to address multiple species, along with a more effective exploitation of specialised microbes or enzymes capable of degrading endocrine disruptors and other micropollutants. In practical terms, the outcomes of these activities will build up the knowledge base and develop solutions to fill the significant innovation gap faced worldwide.