Utilisation of the oceanic habitat by king penguins over the annual cycle
Utilisation of the oceanic habitat by king penguins over the annual cycle
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DOI：
10.3354/meps221285
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发表时间：
2001-01-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Bost, CA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Charrassin, JB;Bost, CA
觅食海鸟的分布和行为取决于海洋在不同时间和空间尺度上的物理特征，但对企鹅知之甚少。我们调查了觅食行为的王企鹅的海洋学特征在鸟类的完整的年度周期。1994年至1997年，在克罗泽群岛，共44只鸟，监测觅食栖息地，潜水行为，和海水温度的水柱，使用卫星跟踪和时间温度深度记录器（TDR）进行的鸟类，这项研究包括在夏季繁殖，冬季期间的小鸡饲养，并在春季换羽后的时期。王企鹅觅食在2个特定的区域，以响应当地的猎物供应的季节性变化。在夏季，卫星跟踪鸟类在孵化和育雏阶段（n = 14）优先利用位于340至450公里以南的繁殖地的极锋。装备TDR的鸟类（n = 12）也觅食在极锋在夏季的垂直温度廓线所示。在秋季和冬季，卫星跟踪（n = 8）和海水温度测量的TDR装备的鸟类（n = 8）表明，鸟类与Creching小鸡，而不是觅食在南极沃茨，70%的个人达到纬度的包冰限制（1600公里，从殖民地）。这表明当时的猎物比在极地锋区更容易获得。当鸟类位于极锋纬度时，表层混合层厚度夏季为80 m，冬季为140 m，表层温度约为4 ℃，温跃层平均最大梯度约为每10 m 0.5 ℃。当鸟群处于最南位置时，夏季表层的深度在秋季的100 m到冬季的150 m之间，温度在-0.8 ~2 ℃之间。温跃层的温度梯度在秋季表现为逆温，冬季为正梯度（平均最大梯度为每10 m深度0.3 ℃）。除了春季鸟类（n = 4）和1冬季鸟类，其中SML超过潜水范围，所有的TDR装备企鹅（n = 19）潜水优先和以下的温跃层的深度，从而尽量减少潜水在SML。因此，它们的猎物可能已经通过海洋学过程集中在SML以下。在王企鹅中，向南迁移的策略可能与一年中任何时候向南的SML变薄有关。
The distribution and behaviour of foraging seabirds depend on the physical features of the ocean at different time and space scales, but little is known for penguins. We investigated the foraging behaviour of king penguins in relation to oceanographic features over the birds' complete annual cycle. A total of 44 birds was followed between 1994 and 1997 at the Crozet Islands to monitor foraging habitat, diving behaviour, and sea temperature of the water column, using satellite-tracking and time-temperature-depth recorders (TDR) carried by the birds, The study included breeding in summer, the winter period of chick raising, and the post-moult period in spring. King penguins foraged in 2 specific regions in response to the seasonal changes in local prey availability. In summer, satellite-tracked birds during the incubating and brooding stages (n = 14) preferentially exploited the polar front located 340 to 450 km to the south of their breeding site. TDR-equipped birds (n = 12) also foraged at the polar front in summer as indicated by the vertical temperature profiles. In autumn and winter, satellite tracks (n = 8) and sea temperature measurements of TDR-equipped birds (n = 8) showed that birds with creching chicks instead foraged in antarctic waters, with 70% of individuals reaching the latitude of the pack-ice limit (1600 km from the colony). This suggests better prey availability than in the polar frontal zone at that time. When the birds were at the latitude of the polar front, the thickness of the surface mixed layer (SML) ranged from 80 m in summer to 140 m in winter, the SML temperature was similar to4 degreesC and the thermocline had a mean maximum gradient of similar to0.5 degreesC for each 10 m depth. When the birds were at their most southerly position, the depth of the SML ranged from 100 m in autumn to similar to 150 m in winter, while its temperature ranged from -0.8 to 2 degreesC. The temperature gradient of the thermocline showed an inversion in autumn, and this gradient was positive in winter (mean maximum gradient of 0.3 degreesC for each 10 m depth). Except for spring birds (n = 4) and for 1 winter bird, where the SML exceeded the diving range, all TDR-equipped penguins (n = 19) dived preferentially in and below the depth of the thermocline, thereby minimising diving in the SML. Therefore, their prey may have been predictably concentrated below the SML through oceanographic processes. In king penguins, the strategy of going south could then have evolved in relation to the thinning of the SML towards the south at any time of the year.