Tea Germplasm and Breeding in China
Tea Germplasm and Breeding in China
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-642-31878-8_2
复制
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Yao;Liang Chen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Yao;Liang Chen
茶树原产于中国，几千年前首次被发现并用作饮料。该国拥有世界上最大的茶叶生产和消费，特别是绿色茶和乌龙茶。2009年，中国有茶园1866.7千公顷，茶叶年产量1344.4千吨。我国茶树遗传资源丰富，可为茶树育种提供多样化的亲本材料。目前，国家茶树种质资源库已收集和保存的种质资源估计超过3,000份。为防止茶树种质资源的流失，保证遗传多样性的保存，采用了异地、原位和离体等方法。从形态学、生理学、农艺学、细胞学和分子生物学等方面对茶树种质资源进行了评价和鉴定，筛选出优良、独特的茶树种质资源，并在茶树育种中加以利用。近年来，茶叶种质资源鉴定工作进一步规范化、标准化，提高了工作效率和管理信息化。目前，我国已初步建立并逐步发展了以控制杂交和单株选择为主要育种手段，结合分子标记辅助选择和微繁殖技术的茶树育种体系。迄今为止，共有123个品种被注册为国家茶树品种。目前已有150多个品种通过省级审定，4个无性系纳入中国植物品种保护体系。中国已建立并正在实施标准化的茶树品种繁殖和推广体系。本章综述了茶树种质资源的收集、保存、鉴定和评价的现状，茶树遗传改良和育种的成就，茶树育种和推广体系的建立和发展。最后对我国茶树遗传改良的研究重点提出了建议。
The tea plant is native to China, which was firstly found and made use of as a beverage thousands of years ago. The country has the greatest tea production and consumption in the world, especially green tea and Oolong tea. In 2009, China had 1,866.7 kilohectares of tea gardens and 1,344.4 kilotonnes of tea annual production. China has abundant tea genetic resources capable of providing diverse parent materials for tea breeding. Currently, it is estimated that more than 3,000 accessions have been collected and conserved in the national germplasm tea repository. Different methods, which includedex-situ, in-situandin vitro, were employed to prevent the loss of tea germplasm and ensure the preservation of genetic diversity. The tea germplasms have been evaluated and appraised based on morphology, physiology, agronomy, cytology and molecular biology, through which the elite and unique tea accessions were screened and further utilized in tea breeding. Recently, the appraisal and evaluation of tea germplasms was further regulated and standardized to boost efficiency and informative management. An efficient tea breeding system, in which controlled hybridization and individual selection are the main breeding approaches, combined with molecular marker-assisted selection and micropropagation techniques, has now been established and gradually developed in China. Up to date, a total of 123 cultivars have been registered as national tea cultivars. More than 150 cultivars have been accredited for release in given provinces and 4 clones have been covered by Plant Varieties Protection (PVP) in China. A standardized tea cultivar propagation and extension system has been established and is being implemented in China. This chapter reviewed the current situation of collection, conservation, appraisal and evaluation of tea germplasms, the achievements of tea genetic improvement and breeding, and the establishment and development of tea breeding as well as extension systems. Finally, suggestions were made on possible areas of research emphasis for the genetic improvement of the tea plant in the near future in China.