Hidden multiscale order in the primes

Hidden multiscale order in the primes
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素数中隐藏的多尺度顺序

DOI:
10.1088/1751-8121/ab0588
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
De Courcy-Ireland, Matthew
De Courcy-Ireland, Matthew
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Torquato, Salvatore;Zhang, Ge;De Courcy-Ireland, Matthew

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本文研究了素数对之间的相关性,通过对结构因子的分析,在素数对的Hardy-Littlewood猜想的条件下,证明了素数具有不可预料的多尺度序。具体地说,它们的极限结构因子是无限多个周期系统的联合,其特征在于一组密集的狄拉克δ函数(布拉格峰),类似于但不同于准晶和标准极限周期系统中出现的密集布拉格峰。并元区间中的素数是我们称之为有效极限周期点构型的第一个例子。这种行为意味着在大的长度尺度下,与不相关的(泊松)系统相比,密度波动被严重抑制,这现在被称为超均匀性。使用从结构因子计算的标量阶度量,我们确定了当L与M相当时所表现出的阶与当L在M中仅为对数时的不相关行为之间的过渡。我们的结构因子的分析导致一个算法,以重建素数在一个并元区间具有高精度。素数的超均匀性和有效极限周期行为的发现为理解素数模式的基本性质提供了新的组织原则。
We study the pair correlations between prime numbers in an interval with,. By analyzing the structure factor, we prove, conditionally on the Hardy–Littlewood conjecture on prime pairs, that the primes are characterized by unanticipated multiscale order. Specifically, their limiting structure factor is that of a union of an infinite number of periodic systems and is characterized by a dense set of Dirac delta functions (Bragg peaks), similar to but different from the dense Bragg peaks that arise in quasicrystals and standard limit-periodic systems. Primes in dyadic intervals are the first examples of what we call effectively limit-periodic point configurations. This behavior implies anomalously suppressed density fluctuations compared to uncorrelated (Poisson) systems at large length scales, which is now known as hyperuniformity. Using a scalar order metric calculated from the structure factor, we identify a transition between the order exhibited when L is comparable to M and the uncorrelated behavior when L is only logarithmic in M. Our analysis of the structure factor leads to an algorithm to reconstruct primes in a dyadic interval with high accuracy. The discovery of the hyperuniformity and effective limit-periodic behavior of the primes provide new organizing principles to understand the fundamental nature of patterns in the primes.
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