Evolutionary construction by staying together and coming together
Evolutionary construction by staying together and coming together
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.11.022
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发表时间：
2013-03-07
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Nowak, Martin A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tarnita, Corina E.;Taubes, Clifford H.;Nowak, Martin A.
地球生命的进化轨迹是规模和复杂性不断增加的轨迹。然而，进化动力学的标准方程描述了在同一组织水平上竞争的相似生物之间的突变和选择。在这里，我们开始勾勒出一个数学理论，它可能有助于探索进化如何具有建设性，自然选择如何从较低的组织水平引导到较高的组织水平。我们区分两种基本操作，我们称之为“保持在一起”和“走到一起”。保持在一起意味着个体在繁殖后不分离而形成更大的单位，而走到一起意味着独立的个体形成聚合体。住在一起可以导致专业化和分工，但发展计划必须在基本单位中发展。通过将具有不同属性的单元组合在一起，可以发挥创造性。这两种操作都是在多细胞的背景下确定的，但它们的处理方式非常相似。在这里，我们指出，在生物结构的每一个层面上都可以找到保持在一起和走到一起的现象，而且它们面临着不同的进化问题。在合作和背叛的情况下，这种区别尤其明显。为了保持在一起，合作的稳定性采取了发展错误阈值的形式，而走到一起会导致进化博弈，并需要一个合作进化的机制。我们使用我们的模型来讨论原始细胞，真核细胞，多细胞和动物社会的进化的简单方面。(c)2012爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
The evolutionary trajectory of life on earth is one of increasing size and complexity. Yet the standard equations of evolutionary dynamics describe mutation and selection among similar organisms that compete on the same level of organization. Here we begin to outline a mathematical theory that might help to explore how evolution can be constructive, how natural selection can lead from lower to higher levels of organization. We distinguish two fundamental operations, which we call 'staying together' and 'coming together'. Staying together means that individuals form larger units by not separating after reproduction, while coming together means that independent individuals form aggregates. Staying together can lead to specialization and division of labor, but the developmental program must evolve in the basic unit. Coming together can be creative by combining units with different properties. Both operations have been identified in the context of multicellularity, but they have been treated very similarly. Here we point out that staying together and coming together can be found at every level of biological construction and moreover that they face different evolutionary problems. The distinction is particularly clear in the context of cooperation and defection. For staying together the stability of cooperation takes the form of a developmental error threshold, while coming together leads to evolutionary games and requires a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. We use our models to discuss simple aspects of the evolution of protocells, eukarya, multi-cellularity and animal societies. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.