How to use the nominal group and Delphi techniques.
How to use the nominal group and Delphi techniques.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11096-016-0257-x
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发表时间：
2016-06
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Tully MP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McMillan SS;King M;Tully MP
介绍名义组技术（NGT）和德尔菲技术是共识的研究方法，是针对解决问题，产生想法，或确定优先事项。虽然共识方法在卫生服务文献中常用，但很少有药学实践研究使用这些方法。本文概述了NGT和德尔菲技术，包括所涉及的步骤和最适合每种方法的研究问题的类型，从药学文献的例子。方法NGT需要在小组中进行面对面的讨论，并为研究人员提供及时的结果。经典的NGT包括四个关键阶段：沉默的一代，循环，澄清和投票（排名）。在产生想法以及如何从参与者那里获得“共识”方面发生了变化。德尔菲技术使用一个多阶段的自我完成的问卷调查与个人的反馈，以确定共识，从一个更大的一组“专家”。已向与会者邮寄或最近通过电子邮件发送了调查表。何时使用NGT已被用于探索消费者和利益相关者的意见，而德尔菲技术通常用于与卫生专业人员制定指南。方法的选择受到各种因素的影响，包括研究问题，对所需共识的看法，以及相关的实际情况，如时间和地理。NGT要求与会者亲自出席会议。这可能很难组织起来，而且地理位置可能会限制出席人数。德尔菲技术可能需要数周或数月才能完成，特别是如果需要多轮，并且对于外行人来说可能很复杂。
Introduction The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and Delphi Technique are consensus methods used in research that is directed at problem-solving, idea-generation, or determining priorities. While consensus methods are commonly used in health services literature, few studies in pharmacy practice use these methods. This paper provides an overview of the NGT and Delphi technique, including the steps involved and the types of research questions best suited to each method, with examples from the pharmacy literature. Methodology The NGT entails face-to-face discussion in small groups, and provides a prompt result for researchers. The classic NGT involves four key stages: silent generation, round robin, clarification and voting (ranking). Variations have occurred in relation to generating ideas, and how ‘consensus’ is obtained from participants. The Delphi technique uses a multistage self-completed questionnaire with individual feedback, to determine consensus from a larger group of ‘experts.’ Questionnaires have been mailed, or more recently, e-mailed to participants. When to use The NGT has been used to explore consumer and stakeholder views, while the Delphi technique is commonly used to develop guidelines with health professionals. Method choice is influenced by various factors, including the research question, the perception of consensus required, and associated practicalities such as time and geography. Limitations The NGT requires participants to personally attend a meeting. This may prove difficult to organise and geography may limit attendance. The Delphi technique can take weeks or months to conclude, especially if multiple rounds are required, and may be complex for lay people to complete.