Women's and men's work, housework and childcare, before and during COVID-19
Women's and men's work, housework and childcare, before and during COVID-19
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s11150-020-09502-1
复制
发表时间：
2020-09-06
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Rossi, Mariacristina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Del Boca, Daniela;Oggero, Noemi;Rossi, Mariacristina
以往经济危机的证据表明，经济衰退对男性和女性就业的影响往往不同，对男性占主导地位的部门的影响更大。当前的新冠肺炎危机呈现出一些新的特征，这些特征已经影响到了广泛的经济领域的经济、健康和社会现象。遏制病毒传播的社会距离措施，如在家工作和学校关闭，给家庭带来了额外的巨大负担。利用2020年4月从具有代表性的意大利女性样本中收集的新调查数据，我们分析了新冠肺炎带来的工作安排对配偶双方都有工作的夫妇的家务、育儿和家庭教育的影响。我们的结果显示，与新冠肺炎相关的大部分额外家务和育儿工作都落在了女性身上，而育儿活动在夫妻内部的分担程度要高于家务劳动。根据我们的经验估计，女性在紧急情况下完成的家务数量的变化似乎并不取决于她们伴侣的工作安排。除了那些继续在平时工作的女性外，所有受访女性花在家务上的时间都比以前多了。相比之下，男性花在家务上的时间确实取决于他们伴侣的工作安排：伴侣继续在日常工作场所工作的男性花在家务上的时间比以前更多。花在育儿和工作安排上的时间之间的联系更加对称，如果女性和男性继续离家工作，他们花在孩子身上的时间更少的比例更高。对于家庭教育来说也是如此，在封锁后继续去他们通常的工作场所的父母不太可能比以前花更多的时间陪孩子。在紧急情况发生前没有工作的女性的伴侣也出现了类似的结果。最后，工作-生活平衡满意度分析显示，在新冠肺炎期间，有0-5岁孩子的职业女性更难平衡工作和家庭。对于那些有伴侣在紧急情况下继续外出工作的人来说，工作和生活的平衡尤其难以实现。
Evidence from past economic crises indicates that recessions often affect men's and women's employment differently, with a greater impact on male-dominated sectors. The current COVID-19 crisis presents novel characteristics that have affected economic, health and social phenomena over wide swaths of the economy. Social distancing measures to combat the spread of the virus, such as working from home and school closures, have placed an additional tremendous burden on families. Using new survey data collected in April 2020 from a representative sample of Italian women, we analyse the effects of working arrangements due to COVID-19 on housework, childcare and home schooling among couples where both partners work. Our results show that most of the additional housework and childcare associated to COVID-19 falls on women while childcare activities are more equally shared within the couple than housework activities. According to our empirical estimates, changes to the amount of housework done by women during the emergency do not seem to depend on their partners' working arrangements. With the exception of those continuing to work at their usual place of work, all of the women surveyed spend more time on housework than before. In contrast, the amount of time men devote to housework does depend on their partners' working arrangements: men whose partners continue to work at their usual workplace spend more time on housework than before. The link between time devoted to childcare and working arrangements is more symmetric, with higher percentages of both women and men spending less time with their children if they continue to work away from home. For home schooling, too, parents who continue to go to their usual workplace after the lockdown are less likely to spend greater amounts of time with their children than before. Similar results emerge for the partners of women not working before the emergency. Finally, analysis of work-life balance satisfaction shows that working women with children aged 0-5 are those who find balancing work and family more difficult during COVID-19. The work-life balance is especially difficult to achieve for those with partners who continue to work outside the home during the emergency.