Hydraulics of Stepped Chutes and Spillways
Hydraulics of Stepped Chutes and Spillways
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DOI：
10.1115/1.1523365
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发表时间：
2002-02
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
H. Chanson
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作者：
H. Chanson
阶梯式渠道设计已经使用了3,500多年（第2章）。世纪和世纪初，随着水跃式消力池设计技术的进步，溢流式台阶溢洪道在大坝中的应用越来越广泛。最近的技术进步（例如RCC，聚合物涂层石笼线）引发了人们对阶梯式设计的兴趣，尽管在过去的80年里失去了很多专业知识。这些台阶显著地增加了沿着泄槽发生的能量耗散的速率，并且减小了所需的下游能量耗散池的尺寸。阶梯式级联也用于水处理厂，以增强大气气体（例如氧气、氮气）和挥发性有机成分（VOC）的空气-水转移。台阶式溢洪道水力学的研究在1980年至2000年间一直很活跃。在1985-2000年期间，国际数据库Science Citation Index®列出了超过16篇关于阶梯式溜槽水力学的期刊论文和26篇讨论和关闭，除了两篇之外，所有都是在1990年和2000年之间发表的。1985年的一篇论文（SORENSEN，Jl Hyd Engrg）在此期间被引用了17次; 1994年发表的两篇论文（CHANSON，Jl of Hyd Res，No. 2和3）分别被引用了14次和11次（参考文献：Science Citation Index）。国际数据库Global Books in Print®列出了一本书（CHANSON 1995，Pergamon）。1998年，OHTSU教授和YASUDA博士在东京举办了一个关于阶梯状河道水流水力特性的研讨会，有70多人参加。2000年，MINOR教授和HAGER教授在苏黎世组织了一次关于阶梯式溢洪道水力学的国际研讨会。该研讨会吸引了来自欧洲、北美、伊朗和澳大利亚的40多名与会者;美国土木工程师协会（ASCE）、国际水利工程与研究协会（IAHR）和瑞士国家大坝委员会的赞助证明了该活动的重要性。本书介绍了阶梯式溜槽水力学的最新技术水平。它是基于作者的研究专业知识，他作为专家顾问的专业经验，以及他自1982年以来向本科生、研究生和专业人员讲授阶梯式溢洪道水力学的经验（图i）。超过45个实验室研究和四个原型调查的结果进行了重新分析和比较。这本书提供了一个新的理解阶梯渠道水力学，它是针对研究和专业团体。在引言（第一章）中，介绍了阶梯槽道和阶梯槽道流的基本概念。在主流态（水舌流、过渡流和撇水流）之间有明显的区别。一章介绍了从古代到今天的阶梯渠道和溢洪道的历史进展（第2章）。然后对阶梯槽道水流的水力特性进行了综述。根据水流条件和泄槽几何形状的不同，可能会出现三种不同的水流状态：小流量的水舌流状态、过渡流状态和撇水流状态。第3、4和5章描述了每种流态的水力学。对水流掺气和气泡夹带的影响进行了讨论。描述了发生在阶梯式斜槽上方的气体转移过程：例如，曝气、复氧、吹脱、反硝化（第6章）。随后介绍了水力设计的实例：例如，阶梯式喷泉、阶梯式堰、石笼阶梯式溢洪道、带有预制混凝土块的土坝溢洪道、碾压混凝土（RCC）堰、泥石流坝（第7章）。作者进一步对阶梯式渠道的事故和故障进行了批判性的回顾，强调阶梯面上的水动力比光滑溜槽的水动力大得多（第8章）。波动现象和不稳定性将在单独的章节（第9章）中进行回顾和讨论。在最后一章（第10章的总结和结论）中，他总结了关键问题，并明确回答了基本问题。在本书的开头，读者会发现目录，符号列表和术语和名称的词汇表。他还会在书的最后找到一个索引。在结论（第10章）之后，提供了详细的参考文献清单。其次是一个列表的物理和化学性质的流体（附录一），这本书提出的结果表示在SI单位。单位换算表载于附录二。几个附录详细说明了具体的计算：水滴结构处的水舌轨迹（附录三）、气泡上升速度计算（附录四）、撇流中的阻力和流阻建模（附录五）、斜槽流中的空隙率分布（附录六）、撇流中的斜槽计算（附录七）、撇流中的空气-水气体传输建模（附录八）。附录IX提供了一份更正表。欢迎发现错误或错误的读者在页面上记录错误并将副本发送给作者。更正和更新将张贴在互联网上：{http：//www.uq.edu.au/case2hchans/reprints/book4.htm}
The stepped channel design have been used for more than 3,500 years (chapter 2). A significant number of dams were built with overflow stepped spillways during the 19th century and early 20th century, before the design technique became outdated with the progresses in hydraulic jump stilling basin design. Recent advances in technology (e.g. RCC, polymer-coated gabion wire) have triggered a regain in interest for the stepped design, although much expertise had been lost in the past 80 years. The steps increase significantly the rate of energy dissipation taking place along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin. Stepped cascades are used also in water treatment plants to enhance the air-water transfer of atmospheric gases (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen) and of volatile organic components (VOC). Research on stepped spillway hydraulics has been active between 1980 and 2000. For the period 1985-2000, the international database Science Citation Index® lists over sixteen journal papers and twenty-six discussions and closures on stepped chute hydraulics, all but two published between 1990 and 2000. A 1985 paper (SORENSEN, Jl Hyd Engrg) was cited seventeen times during the period; two papers published in 1994 (CHANSON, Jl of Hyd Res, No. 2 and 3) were cited fourteen and eleven times respectively (Ref.: Science Citation Index). The international database Global Books in Print® lists one book (CHANSON 1995, Pergamon). In 1998, Professor OHTSU and Dr YASUDA organised a workshop on the hydraulic characteristics of stepped channel flows in Tokyo, attended by over seventy participants. In 2000, Professors MINOR and HAGER organised an international workshop on hydraulics of stepped spillways in Zurich. The workshop attracted over forty participants from Europe, North America, Iran, and Australia; the sponsorship of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), International Association for Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR) and Swiss national committee on large dams demonstrated the importance of the event. This book presents the state of the art in stepped chute hydraulics. It is based upon the research expertise of the writer, his professional experience as an expert-consultant, and his experience in teaching stepped spillway hydraulics to undergraduate students, postgraduate research students and professionals since 1982 (Fig. i). Results from more than forty five laboratory studies and four prototype investigations were re-analysed and compared. The book provides a new understanding of stepped channel hydraulics, and it is aimed at both the research and professional community. In the introduction (chapter 1), the basic concepts of stepped channels and stepped chute flows are described. A clear distinction is made between the main flow regimes (nappe flow, transition and skimming flow). A chapter presents the historical progress of stepped channels and spillways from the Antiquity up to today (chapter 2). Then the monograph reviews the hydraulic characteristics of stepped channel flows. Three different flow regimes may take place depending upon the flow conditions and chute geometry: nappe flow regime for small discharges, transition flow and skimming flow regime. The hydraulics of each flow regime is described in chapters 3, 4 and 5. The effects of flow aeration and air bubble entrainment are discussed. The gas transfer processes taking place above stepped chute are described : e.g., aeration, re-oxygenation, stripping, de-nitrification (chapter 6). Later practical examples of hydraulic design are presented : e.g. stepped fountains, stepped weirs, gabion stepped spillways, earth dam spillways with precast concrete blocks, roller compacted concrete (RCC) weirs, debris dams (chapter 7). The writer presents further a critical review of accidents and failures with stepped channels, highlighting that the hydrodynamic forces on the step faces are much larger than on smooth chute inverts (chapter 8). Wave phenomena and instabilities are reviewed and discussed in a separate section (chapter 9). In the last chapter (summary and conclusions, chapter 10), he summarises the key issues and he answers explicitly basic questions. At the beginning of the book, the reader will find the table of contents, a list of symbols and a glossary of technical terms and names. He will find also an index at the end of the book. After the conclusion (chapter 10), a detailed list of references is presented. It is followed by a list of physical and chemical properties of fluids (appendix I), The book presents results expressed in SI Units. A table of unit conversions is given in appendix II. Several appendices detail particular calculations : nappe trajectory at a drop structure (appendix III), bubble rise velocity calculations (appendix IV), modelling form drag and flow resistance in skimming flows (appendix V), void fraction distributions in chute flows (appendix VI), chute calculations in skimming flow (appendix VII), modelling air-water gas transfer in skimming flows (appendix VIII). Appendix IX presents a correction form. Readers who find an error or mistake are welcome to record the error on the page and to send a copy to the author. Corrections and updates will be posted on the Internet at : {http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/reprints/book4.htm} Lastly relevant Internet resources are listed below.