How to study sex differences in addiction using animal models.
How to study sex differences in addiction using animal models.
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DOI：
10.1111/adb.12400
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发表时间：
2016-09
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Lynch WJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carroll ME;Lynch WJ
在生物医学研究中，将性别作为一个生物变量进行研究的重要性越来越明显。成瘾的临床前研究特别需要包括两性，因为雌性动物通常被排除在研究之外，这不仅在性别差异和潜在的预防和治疗策略方面，而且在成瘾的基本神经生物学方面，我们的知识都存在很大的差距。本文综述的重点是方法，已开发的临床前研究，以检查性别差异的行为方面和神经生物学机制成瘾的全方位的成瘾过程，包括启动（收购），维护，升级，退出，复发寻求药物和治疗。该综述还讨论了在比较女性和男性时需要考虑的战略和技术问题，包括卵巢激素的作用以及性别差异如何与成瘾中的其他主要脆弱因素相互作用，如冲动性，强迫性和年龄（青少年与成人）。还讨论了成瘾的新治疗方法，如竞争性非药物奖励，重新使用的药物，如黄体酮和治疗组合。还考虑了进行比较雌性和雄性动物的研究的实际方面。将性别差异作为一个检验点需要额外的努力和考虑;然而，鉴于越来越多的证据表明成瘾过程在男性和女性中发生的不同，这种研究是必要的。这些研究应有助于更好地了解成瘾发展的个体差异，并为男性和女性提供有效的治疗。
The importance of studying sex as a biological variable in biomedical research is becoming increasingly apparent. There is a particular need in preclinical studies of addiction to include both sexes, as female animals are often excluded from studies, leaving large gaps in our knowledge of not only sex differences and potential prevention and treatment strategies, but also with regard to the basic neurobiology of addiction. This review focuses on methodology that has been developed in preclinical studies to examine sex differences in the behavioral aspects and neurobiological mechanisms related to addiction across the full range of the addiction process, including initiation (acquisition), maintenance, escalation, withdrawal, relapse to drug seeking and treatment. This review also discusses strategic and technical issues that need to be considered when comparing females and males, including the role of ovarian hormones and how sex differences interact with other major vulnerability factors in addiction, such as impulsivity, compulsivity and age (adolescent vs. adult). Novel treatments for addiction are also discussed, such as competing nondrug rewards, repurposed medications such as progesterone and treatment combinations. Practical aspects of conducting research comparing female and male animals are also considered. Making sex differences a point of examination requires additional effort and consideration; however, such studies are necessary given mounting evidence demonstrating that the addiction process occurs differently in males and females. These studies should lead to a better understanding of individual differences in the development of addiction and effective treatments for males and females.
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Holtz NA;Zlebnik NE;Carroll ME
通讯作者：
Carroll ME