When Is General Wariness Favored in Avoiding Multiple Predator Types?
When Is General Wariness Favored in Avoiding Multiple Predator Types?
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DOI：
10.1086/665648
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发表时间：
2012-06-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Read, Jenny C. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brilot, Ben O.;Bateson, Melissa;Read, Jenny C. A.
通常研究捕食的适应性反应时假设只有一种捕食者，但大多数被捕食物种被多种捕食者所捕食。当多种类型发生时，最佳的反捕食者反应水平可能仅由相关捕食者的攻击概率决定：“特定反应性”。相反，一种捕食者攻击概率的增加可能会增加对另一种捕食者的反应：“普遍警惕”。“我们建立了一个数学模型，在这个模型中，猎物感知到一个线索，提供了两种捕食者存在的概率信息。它可以执行两种逃避行为中的一种，这两种行为在适应性上有所不同，作为对“错误”捕食者类型的回应。我们发现，一般的谨慎是最佳的，当不正确的行为决策有差异的健身成本。与直觉相反，区分捕食者类型的困难不利于普遍的警惕。我们预测，在对捕食者类型的反应是相互排斥的情况下（例如，参考报警呼叫），具体的反应会发生;我们建议，猎物概括他们的防御反应的基础上线索相似性，由于假设的反应效用;我们预测，与保护相关，人类干扰的习惯应该只概括为捕食者，引起相同的antipredator响应人类。
Adaptive responses to predation are generally studied assuming only one predator type exists, but most prey species are depredated by multiple types. When multiple types occur, the optimal antipredator response level may be determined solely by the probability of attack by the relevant predator: "specific responsiveness." Conversely, an increase in the probability of attack by one predator type might increase responsiveness to an alternative predator type: "general wariness." We formulate a mathematical model in which a prey animal perceives a cue providing information on the probability of two predator types being present. It can perform one of two evasive behaviors that vary in their suitability as a response to the "wrong" predator type. We show that general wariness is optimal when incorrect behavioral decisions have differential fitness costs. Counter-intuitively, difficulty in discriminating between predator types does not favor general wariness. We predict that where responses to predator types are mutually exclusive (e.g., referential alarm-calling), specific responsiveness will occur; we suggest that prey generalize their defensive responses based on cue similarity due to an assumption of response utility; and we predict, with relevance to conservation, that habituation to human disturbance should generalize only to predators that elicit the same antipredator response as humans.