Eventful Protest, Global Conflicts
Eventful Protest, Global Conflicts
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多事抗议，全球冲突
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发表时间：
2008
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通讯作者：
D. Porta
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作者：
D. Porta
虽然社会运动研究传统上强调冲突是我们社会中的一个动态因素，但自20世纪80年代以来，民主社会的研究呈现出社会运动制度化的形象。自1999年以来，随着西雅图反对世贸组织千年回合的抗议活动，这一形象受到了新一轮抗议活动的挑战，抗议活动的重点是“另类全球化”和全球正义。除了描述在这个抗议周期中出现的一些行动形式（通过反峰会和社会论坛）之外，本文还通过考虑抗议本身的突发性特征来解决当今更普遍的冲突问题。在社会运动研究中，抗议实际上主要被视为一个“因变量”，并根据政治机会和组织资源进行解释。作者在这里提出了一种不同的方法，通过将抗议视为事件，在对进行抗议的运动产生相关的认知、情感和关系变革影响的意义上。某些形式的行动或特定活动具有特别高的“事件性”。通过抗议活动，人们尝试了新的策略，发出了集体行动可能性的信号，创造了团结的感觉，巩固了组织网络，有时公众对镇压的愤怒也得到了发展。访谈、调查、焦点小组和话语分析的数据被用来反思使抗议事件发生的机制。更一般地说，这篇文章表明，当代社会学对冲突作为社会资本、集体认同和知识的生产者的反思，可能有助于平衡冲突作为破坏社会关系的负面看法，这种分析可能来自于对最极端形式的政治暴力的独家关注。
Although social movement studies have traditionally stressed conflict as a dynamic element in our societies, since the 1980s, research in democratic society has presented an image of an institutionalization of social movements. Since 1999, with the protest in Seattle against the WTO Millennium Round, this image has been however challenged by a new cycle of protest focusing on ‘alternative globalization’ and global justice. Beyond describing some forms of action that (through counter-summits and social forums) emerged in this cycle of protest, the article addresses the more general issue of conflict nowadays by considering the emergent character of protest itself. In social movement studies, protest has in fact been mainly considered as a ‘dependent variable’, and explained on the basis of political opportunities and organizational resources. The author suggests here a different approach, by looking at protests as eventful, in the sense of having relevant cognitive, affective and relational transformative impacts on the very movements that carry them out. Some forms of action or specific campaigns have a particularly high degree of ‘eventfulness’. Through protest events, new tactics are experimented with, signals aBolit the possibility of collective action are sent, feelings of solidarity are created, organizational networks are consolidated, and sometimes public outrage at repression is developed. Data from interviews, surveys, focus groups and discourse analysis are used in order to reflect upon the mechanisms that make protest eventful. More in general, the article suggests that the contemporary sociological reflection on conflicts as producers of social capital, collective identity and knowledge, could be useful to balance the negative vision of conflicts as being disruptive of social relations, an analysis that can emerge from an exclusive focus on the most extreme forms of political violence.