Planck
Planck
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DOI：
10.1007/978-981-13-2315-7_6
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发表时间：
2018-08
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jeremy R. H. Tame
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作者：
Jeremy R. H. Tame
与专注于力学的吉布斯和专注于分子热力学的爱因斯坦相反，普朗克因解决电磁辐射热力学问题而闻名。他将整个科学生涯都奉献给了热力学，多年来他对原子的存在完全持怀疑态度。他的学生泽梅洛是玻尔兹曼最强烈的批评者之一，他认为气体的分子模型要求系统在未来的某个时刻返回到当前状态，或者非常接近当前状态。这被认为与第二定律不相容，普朗克认为第二定律不是统计性的而是绝对的。直到 1900 年很久之后，普朗克才接受了熵的统计性质。 1890 年代末，他试图从麦克斯韦方程组中推导出第二定律，相信他可以证明电子的辐射散射会显示出不可避免的熵增加。事实上，玻尔兹曼在 1897 年第一个指出普朗克犯了他自己早些时候犯过的同样的错误，洛施密特已经纠正了这一错误。麦克斯韦方程组是完全时间可逆的，就像汉密尔顿方程组是时间可逆的一样，试图从中推导出第二定律是一个逻辑错误。普朗克被迫承认不可逆性并不是直接由时间可逆定律产生的。他后来的工作使他认识到第二定律确实是概率性的而不是绝对性的，并最终接受了这一点。
In contrast to Gibbs, who focussed on mechanics, and Einstein, who focussed on the thermodynamics of molecules, Planck is best known for addressing the question of the thermodynamics of electromagnetic radiation. He devoted his entire scientific career to thermodynamics, and for many years he was entirely sceptical of the existence of atoms. His student Zermelo was one of Boltzmann’s strongest critics, on the basis that molecular models of gases require the system to return at some future point to the current state, or very close to it. This was held to be incompatible with the Second Law, which Planck did not consider to be statistical but absolute. Only long after 1900 did Planck accept the statistical nature of entropy. In the late 1890s he attempted to derive the Second Law from Maxwell’s equations, believing he could show that the scattering of radiation by an electron would show an inevitable increase in entropy. In fact Boltzmann, in 1897, was the first to point out Planck had made the same error he himself had made earlier, which had been corrected by Loschmidt. Maxwell’s equations are completely time-reversible, just as Hamilton’s equations are time-reversible, and it is a logical error to attempt to derive the Second Law from them. Planck was forced to admit that irreversibility does not arise straightforwardly from time-reversible laws. His later work led him to the quantum and finally acceptance that the Second Law is indeed probabilistic rather than absolute.