Chenopodium cultivation and formative period agriculture at Chiripa, Bolivia
Chenopodium cultivation and formative period agriculture at Chiripa, Bolivia
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DOI：
10.2307/3557565
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发表时间：
2003-09-01
影响因子：
0.9
通讯作者：
Whitehead, WT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bruno, MC;Whitehead, WT
的的喀喀湖盆地南部形成时期农业的出现对该地区第一个复杂社会的发展发挥了至关重要的作用。我们对玻利维亚奇里帕遗址的藜种子进行的研究，揭示了公元前 1500 年至公元 100 年期间对农业系统发展做出贡献的一些小规模过程。通过扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜的结合，我们鉴定了驯化作物藜麦 (C. quinoa Willd.) 及其杂草亲戚黑藜麦 (C. quinoa Willd.) 的作物/杂草复合体。 藜麦变种melanospermum Kunziker），公元前 1500 年在奇里帕。对藜麦/黑藜麦形态测量和种子频率的分析表明，在形成早期，农民维护着花园，农作物和杂草都在那里生长，并被收获供食用。然而，在公元前 800 年左右，我们在奇里帕的社会和政治中心 Monticulo 发现了几乎全部是藜麦的样本。黑藜麦种子的缺乏表明，形成中期的农民可能通过除草、仔细和选择以及建造田地，变得更加细致地种植藜麦。这项研究补充了之前对该地区聚落模式、景观改造和石器使用的调查，提供了对该地区农业形成期更丰富的了解。
The emergence of agriculture during the Formative period in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin played a crucial role in the development of the region's first complex societies. Our study of Chenopodium seeds from the site of Chiripa, Bolivia, sheds light on some of the small-scale processes contributing to the development of agricultural systems between 1500 BC and AD 100. using a combination of scanning electron and light microscopy, we identified the crop/weed complex of the domesticate, quinoa (C. quinoa Willd.), and its weedy relative, quinoa negra (C. quinoas var. melanospermum Kunziker), at Chiripa by 1500 BC. Analyses of quinoa/quinoa negra morphometry and seed frequencies suggest that during the Early Formative period, farmers maintained gardens where both the crop and weed grew and were harvested for consumption. Around 800 BC, however, we find samples almost entirely of quinoa at Chiripa's social and political center, the Monticulo. The paucity of quinoa negra seeds suggests that Middle Formative period farmers became more meticulous cultivators of quinoas, perhaps through weeding, careful and selection, and construction of fields. This study complements previous investigations of settlement patterns, landscape modification, and stone tool use in this region, providing a richer understanding of Formative period agriculture.