Ubiquitous Detection of Artificial Sweeteners and Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media in Aquatic Environmental and Wastewater Treatment Plant Samples from Vietnam, The Philippines, and Myanmar
Ubiquitous Detection of Artificial Sweeteners and Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media in Aquatic Environmental and Wastewater Treatment Plant Samples from Vietnam, The Philippines, and Myanmar
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DOI：
10.1007/s00244-015-0220-1
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发表时间：
2016-05
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Yuta Watanabe;L. T. Bách;P. Dinh;M. Prudente;S. Aguja;Nyunt Phay;H. Nakata
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Yuta Watanabe;L. T. Bách;P. Dinh;M. Prudente;S. Aguja;Nyunt Phay;H. Nakata
来自越南、菲律宾和缅甸的水样进行了人工甜味剂（AS）和碘化X射线造影剂（ICM）的分析。高浓度（低微克每升）的AS，包括糖精，糖精和三氯蔗糖，被发现在废水处理厂（WWTP）的流入来自越南。在越南污水处理厂流入物和流出物中检测到三种ICM，碘海醇，碘帕醇和碘普罗胺，表明这些ICM在越南经常使用。在河内市中心的河水中发现了AS和ICM，其浓度与污水处理厂流入物中的浓度相当或更低。污水处理厂进水和邻近地表水中的ASs和ICMs浓度显著相关（r2 = 0.99，p <0.001），表明越南的生活污水直接排入河流。在越南北方地下水中经常检测到乙酰磺胺，但即使采样点非常接近，浓度在空间上也有一个数量级的变化。这意味着性能差的家庭化粪池偶尔会将家庭废水泄漏到地下水中。在菲律宾马尼拉的地表水中发现了高浓度的安赛蜜、甜蜜素、糖精和三氯蔗糖。马尼拉样品中三氯蔗糖浓度比越南样品高一个数量级，表明菲律宾使用的三氯蔗糖多于越南。在缅甸Pathein（农村）和仰光（城市）的地表水中发现了乙酰磺胺酸和甜蜜素，但在样本中没有发现ICM。ASs浓度在缅甸的样品中比在越南和菲律宾的样品中低2 - 3个数量级，这表明在这些国家使用的ASs量不同。我们相信这是第一份关于持续性AS和ICM在经济新兴的南亚国家普遍存在的报告。
Water samples from Vietnam, The Philippines, and Myanmar were analyzed for artificial sweeteners (ASs) and iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICMs). High concentrations (low micrograms per liter) of ASs, including aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose, were found in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influents from Vietnam. Three ICMs, iohexol, iopamidol, and iopromide were detected in Vietnamese WWTP influents and effluents, suggesting that these ICMs are frequently used in Vietnam. ASs and ICMs were found in river water from downtown Hanoi at concentrations comparable to or lower than the concentrations in WWTP influents. The ASs and ICMs concentrations in WWTP influents and adjacent surface water significantly correlated (r2= 0.99,p< 0.001), suggesting that household wastewater is discharged directly into rivers in Vietnam. Acesulfame was frequently detected in northern Vietnamese groundwater, but the concentrations varied spatially by one order of magnitude even though the sampling points were very close together. This implies that poorly performing domestic septic tanks sporadically leak household wastewater into groundwater. High acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharin, and sucralose concentrations were found in surface water from Manila, The Philippines. The sucralose concentrations were one order of magnitude higher in the Manila samples than in the Vietnamese samples, indicating that more sucralose is used in The Philippines than in Vietnam. Acesulfame and cyclamate were found in surface water from Pathein (rural) and Yangon (urban) in Myanmar, but no ICMs were found in the samples. The ASs concentrations were two–three orders of magnitude lower in the samples from Myanmar than in the samples from Vietnam and The Philippines, suggesting that different amounts of ASs are used in these countries. We believe this is the first report of persistent ASs and ICMs having ubiquitous distributions in economically emerging South Asian countries.