Snow Amplification of Persistent Organic Pollutants at Coastal Antarctica
Snow Amplification of Persistent Organic Pollutants at Coastal Antarctica
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.est.9b03006
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发表时间：
2019-08-06
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Dachs, Jordi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Casal, Paulo;Casas, Gemma;Dachs, Jordi
据报告，极地地区存在许多遗留的和新出现的持久性有机污染物，这些污染物是全球污染的哨兵。海洋南极洲是接收丰富的雪降水。雪清除空气污染物，在雪融化后，它会导致持久性有机污染物浓度的增加，这种增加无法量化，而且人们对这种增加的了解也很少。从春末到夏末，在南极洲的利文斯顿岛同时对空气、雪、土壤和雪中的逸度、海水和浮游生物进行了采样。雪和空气中的多氯联苯（PCBs）和有机氯农药（OCPs）浓度接近平衡。土壤中的持久性有机污染物浓度接近土壤-空气平衡或净挥发，具体取决于化学挥发性。海水-空气逸度比与雪-空气分配系数和亨利定律常数（K-SA H '）的乘积高度相关，这是雪对逸度放大的一种度量。因此，沿海海水反映了多氯联苯同系物的概况，并由于积雪向海水释放持久性有机污染物而增加了融雪中的浓度。积雪和冰川输入的影响进一步证明了PCBs的净挥发通量和海水盐度之间的相关性。对K-SA（根据先前报告的同时实地测量结果估算的雪和空气中持久性有机污染物浓度的比率）进行的元分析表明，雪的放大作用与持久性有机污染物的不同族有关，与其挥发性无关。我们认为，仅考虑空气-水分配，对大气污染对水生生态系统的潜在影响预测不足，因为雪放大影响，甚至可能控制，持久性有机污染物在寒冷环境中的发生。
Many legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been reported in polar regions, and act as sentinels of global pollution. Maritime Antarctica is recipient of abundant snow precipitation. Snow scavenges air pollutants, and after snow melting, it can induce an unquantified and poorly understood amplification of concentrations of POPs. Air, snow, the fugacity in soils and snow, seawater and plankton were sampled concurrently from late spring to late summer at Livingston Island (Antarctica). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) concentrations in snow and air were close to equilibrium. POPs in soils showed concentrations close to soil-air equilibrium or net volatilization depending on chemical volatility. Seawater-air fugacity ratios were highly correlated with the product of the snow-air partition coefficient and the Henry's law constant (K-SA H'), a measure of snow amplification of fugacity. Therefore, coastal seawater mirrored the PCB congener profile and increased concentrations in snowmelt due to snowpack releasing POPs to seawater. The influence of snowpack and glacier inputs was further evidenced by the correlation between net volatilization fluxes of PCBs and seawater salinity. A meta-analysis of K-SA, estimated as the ratio of POP concentrations in snow and air from previously reported simultaneous field measurements, showed that snow amplification is relevant for diverse families of POPs, independent of their volatility. We claim that the potential impact of atmospheric pollution on aquatic ecosystems has been under-predicted by only considering air-water partitioning, as snow amplification influences, and may even control, the POP occurrence in cold environments.