Nitrogen fertilization strategies for organic wheat production: Crop yield and nitrate leaching
Nitrogen fertilization strategies for organic wheat production: Crop yield and nitrate leaching
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DOI：
10.2134/agronj2015.0464
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发表时间：
2016-03
期刊：
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
G. Tosti;M. Farneselli;P. Benincasa;M. Guiducci
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Tosti;M. Farneselli;P. Benincasa;M. Guiducci
在欧洲和全球其他温带地区，普通小麦是人类营养最重要的作物（FAOSTAT，2014）。目前，除了需要加强可持续性和减少外部投入外，小麦生产还面临着不利和极端农业气候事件发生率和规模增加的威胁（Asseng等人，2015; Trnka等人，2014年）。在这样一个框架内，实施坚实的农业生物多样性战略（Costanzo和Bàrberi，2014年），以及重新耦合全球生物化学碳和养分循环（Drinkwater和Snapp，2007年），有可能改善有机和传统低投入系统的小麦生产过程。对整个种植系统管理的整体方法当然代表了最具信息性的方法（Mäder等人，2002年）。尽管如此，对作物管理具体方面的详细实地研究仍然是为农民和政策制定者微调具体指导方针的关键（Bengtsson等人，2005年）。在有机小麦生产的几个方面中，氮管理是至关重要的（Bilsborrow等人，2013），特别是对于地中海地区的秋播小麦，因为土壤中的有机质含量低、低温和高秋-春降雨量可导致在作物周期的大部分时间内土壤中的可用矿物N水平非常低（Fagnano等人，2012年）。在常规农业中，已经显示使用分次施用的矿物N肥料增加了施肥效率和小麦的收获指数（Blandino等人，2015; FuertesMendizábal等人，2010年）。在有机农业中，侧施施肥并不常用，氮肥的管理通常基于：（i）在作物轮作中增加豆类的存在（Thomsen等人，2013），（ii）在播种前播撒有机化合物（Mazzoncini等人，2015; Petersen等人，2013）和（iii）采用谷物-豆类间作（佩尔泽et al.，2012年）。改善豆类作物的使用是实现农田氮自给自足的最有希望的选择（Amosse等人，2014; Farneselli等人，2013年）。然而，当农场外N的有机来源（即，农业工业副产品）很容易获得，那么依赖这种来源可能既方便又无害环境（Drinkwater和Snapp，2007年; Entry等人，1997年）。每年，全世界生产数百万吨的动物副产品;例如，有机农业和生态农业
Agronomy Journa l • Volume 108 , I s sue 2 • 2016 Common wheat is the most important crop for human nutrition in Europe and in other temperate regions worldwide (FAOSTAT, 2014). At present, in addition to the needs of enhanced sustainability and reduced levels of external inputs, wheat production is also facing the threat of an increased occurrence and magnitude of adverse and extreme agro-climatic events (Asseng et al., 2015; Trnka et al., 2014). Th e implementation of solid agrobiodiversity strategies (Costanzo and Bàrberi, 2014), together with the recoupling of global biochemical C and nutrient cycles (Drinkwater and Snapp, 2007) in such a framework have the potential to improve the wheat production process in both organic and conventional, low input systems. Th e holistic approach to the entire cropping system management certainly represents the most informative one (Mäder et al., 2002). Nevertheless, detailed fi eld studies on specifi c aspects of crop management remain essential for the fi ne tuning of concrete guidelines for farmers and policymakers (Bengtsson et al., 2005). Among the several aspects of organic wheat production, N management is crucial (Bilsborrow et al., 2013), particularly for autumn-sown wheat in the Mediterranean area, as low organic matter content in the soil, low temperatures, and high autumn– spring rainfall can cause very low levels of available mineral N in the soil during most of the crop cycle (Fagnano et al., 2012). In conventional agriculture, the use of split application of mineral N fertilizers has been shown to increase fertilization effi ciency and the harvest index of wheat (Blandino et al., 2015; FuertesMendizábal et al., 2010). In organic farming, side dressing fertilization is not commonly used and the management of N fertilization is normally based on: (i) increasing the presence of legumes in the crop rotation (Th omsen et al., 2013), (ii) broadcasting organic compounds before sowing (Mazzoncini et al., 2015; Petersen et al., 2013) and (iii) adopting cereal-legume intercropping (Pelzer et al., 2012). An improvement in the use of legume crops represents the most promising option for the achievement of farm N self-suffi ciency (Amosse et al., 2014; Farneselli et al., 2013). However, when an organic source of extrafarm N (i.e., agroindustry by-products) is easily available, then it may be both convenient and environmentally sound to rely on that source (Drinkwater and Snapp, 2007; Entry et al., 1997). Every year, millions of tonnes of animal by-products are produced worldwide; for instance, the rendering industry Organic Agriculture & Agroecology