Interspecific Contact and Competition May Affect the Strength and Direction of Disease-Diversity Relationships for Directly Transmitted Microparasites
Interspecific Contact and Competition May Affect the Strength and Direction of Disease-Diversity Relationships for Directly Transmitted Microparasites
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DOI：
10.1086/682721
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发表时间：
2015-10-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Park, Andrew W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
O'Regan, Suzanne M.;Vinson, John E.;Park, Andrew W.
传播机会的频率是多宿主社区直接传播疾病暴发严重程度的关键。普通微寄生虫的传播机会通常来自竞争和营养相互作用。此外，物种内部和物种之间的接触异质性会阻碍或促进传播。将竞争和接触异质性纳入疾病多样性关系的一般理论尚不成熟。在这里，我们提出了一个正式的框架来探索感染多种宿主物种的直接传播寄生虫的疾病多样性关系，包括流感病毒、狂犬病病毒、犬瘟热病毒和汉坦病毒。我们明确包括通过种内和种间竞争进行的宿主调节，后者可以依赖于或独立于种间接触率（涵盖资源利用重叠、栖息地选择偏好和时间利基划分）。我们研究了这些因素如何与频率和密度依赖的传播以及组合中宿主的特征相互作用，最终推导出一种关系，描述物种组合中寄生虫适应度相对于单一宿主物种下降的倾向。这种关系表明，生物多样性的增加不一定会抑制频率依赖性寄生虫传播，并且通过种间竞争对宿主的调节并不总是导致寄生虫适应性的降低。我们的方法明确表明，物种身份和宿主之间的生态相互作用共同决定了多物种群落中微寄生虫的传播结果。
The frequency of opportunities for transmission is key to the severity of directly transmitted disease outbreaks in multihost communities. Transmission opportunities for generalist microparasites often arise from competitive and trophic interactions. Additionally, contact heterogeneities within and between species either hinder or promote transmission. General theory incorporating competition and contact heterogeneities for disease-diversity relationships is underdeveloped. Here, we present a formal framework to explore disease-diversity relationships for directly transmitted parasites that infect multiple host species, including influenza viruses, rabies virus, distemper viruses, and hantaviruses. We explicitly include host regulation via intra- and interspecific competition, where the latter can be dependent on or independent of interspecific contact rates (covering resource utilization overlap, habitat selection preferences, and temporal niche partitioning). We examine how these factors interact with frequency- and density-dependent transmission along with traits of the hosts in the assemblage, culminating in the derivation of a relationship describing the propensity for parasite fitness to decrease in species assemblages relative to that in single-host species. This relationship reveals that increases in biodiversity do not necessarily suppress frequency-dependent parasite transmission and that regulation of hosts via interspecific competition does not always lead to a reduction in parasite fitness. Our approach explicitly shows that species identity and ecological interactions between hosts together determine microparasite transmission outcomes in multispecies communities.