The Pair-Formation Displays of the Western Grebe
The Pair-Formation Displays of the Western Grebe
复制标题
西部鸊鷉的配对表演
DOI：
10.2307/1367437
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发表时间：
1982
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. W. Storer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Nuechterlein;R. W. Storer
- 在本文中，我们描述和说明的配对形成显示的西方Grebe（Aechmophorus oceanentalis），检查他们的结构变化，社会背景，和可能的进化起源和功能。大多数展示是由两个或两个以上的人共同进行的，并以精心制作和可预测的序列或“仪式”发生。其中之一，“冲礼”是由两个男性，一个男性和一个女性，或几个男性和一个女性。另一方面，“除草仪式”发生在配对序列的后期，并且总是涉及一只雄性和一只雌性。最后，“欢迎仪式”，用于两个人分开后走到一起，似乎是上述两个仪式的缩写，省略了活力，核心展示。我们研究的时间和空间的协调参与这些仪式中的每一个人。大部分的显示器和仪式的西方Grebes大大不同于那些描述的其他grebe物种，这支持形态学证据保留西方grebes在一个单独的属。杂草仪式的相似性，一些物种的Podiceps支持形态学证据，考虑西方更密切相关的属比任何其他。西方（Aechmophorus oceanentalis）壮观的求偶表演引起了相当大的关注，然而，令人惊讶的是，没有详细的描述，他们已经出版。对该物种的唯一总结（Palmer 1962：100 -102）虽然主要基于R. W.尼禄（1959年），是非常浓缩，包括许多不准确的早期文献。西在一年中的任何时候都是群居的，通常在殖民地筑巢。然而，在繁殖地，未配对的鸟类具有高度的攻击性，雄性经常用它们长而尖的喙从水面以下刺伤其他个体（“鱼雷”）。两个求爱的雄性经常在附近的雌性面前进行精心设计的相互展示。许多观察者误解了这些表现，误以为这样的雄性竞争对手是追求雌雄配对（但参见Nero 1959）。本文的目的是命名，描述，并说明显示使用的西方？对形成。在每一个显示器的描述一个典型的性能之后，从一个性能到下一个可变性的评论，在显示个人之间的协调和方向的程度和性质，其社会背景。可能的功能，进化的设计，起源，并与其他grebes显示比较，然后讨论。
-In this paper we describe and illustrate the pair-formation displays of the Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis), examining their structural variation, social contexts, and probable evolutionary origins and functions. Most displays are performed mutually by two or more individuals and occur in elaborate and predictable sequences or “ceremonies.” One of these, the “Rushing Ceremony” is performed by either two males, a male and a female, or several males and a female. The “Weed Ceremony,” on the other hand, occurs later in the pairing sequence and always involves a male and a female. Finally, the “Greeting Ceremony,” used by pairs coming together after being separated, appears to be an abbreviation of the above two ceremonies with the energetic, core displays left out. We examine the temporal and spatial coordination between individuals involved in each of these ceremonies. Most displays and ceremonies of Western Grebes differ greatly from those described for other grebe species, which supports morphological evidence for retaining the Western Grebe in a separate genus. The similarity of the Weed Ceremony to that of some species of Podiceps upports morphological evidence for considering the Western Grebe more closely related to that genus than to any other. The spectacular courtship displays of the Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) have aroused considerable attention, yet, surprisingly, no detailed description of them has been published. The only available summary for the species (Palmer 1962: lOO-102) though based largely on excellent information provided by R. W. Nero (1959), is much condensed and includes many inaccuracies from the earlier literature. Western Grebes are gregarious at all times of the year and usually nest in colonies. On the breeding grounds, however, unpaired birds are highly aggressive and males frequently use their long, pointed bill to stab other individuals from below the water surface (“torpedoing”). Two courting males often perform elaborate mutual displays in front of nearby females. Many observers have misinterpreted these displays, mistaking such rival males for courting malefemale dyads (but see Nero 1959). The aim of this paper is to name, describe, and illustrate displays used by Western Grebes during pair-formation. Under each display the description of a typical performance is followed by comments on variability from one performance to the next, the degree and nature of coordination and orientation among displaying individuals, and its social contexts. Probable functions, evolutionary design, origins, and comparisons with displays of other grebes are then discussed.