Failed replications, contributing factors and careful interpretations: Commentary on Boekel et al., 2015.
Failed replications, contributing factors and careful interpretations: Commentary on Boekel et al., 2015.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cortex.2015.02.019
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发表时间：
2016-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ridgway GR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Muhlert N;Ridgway GR
人类大脑的结构反映了丰富的功能相关信息，并受到基因和环境的影响。全球和区域水平的灰质体积都是高度可遗传的（den Braber等人，2013; Posthuma等人，2002; Winkler等人，2010; Wright，Sham，Murray，Weinberger，& Bullmore，2002），并清楚地映射到特定基因型上（Durston et al.，2005; Toga & Thompson，2005）。局部脑体积通常随时间稳定（den Braber等人，2013），但可以增加新的学习（如Woollett & Maguire，2011），证明经验依赖性可塑性以及进入成年期。此外，由神经退行性疾病引起的脑结构改变与那些结构相关的功能的伴随变化有关，例如与内侧颞叶萎缩相关的记忆问题（例如Leube等人，2008年）。这些发现提供了令人信服的证据，表明大脑结构的差异可以反映行为。最近的研究已经从研究大脑结构的群体差异如何反映行为，到评估大脑结构的细微个体差异如何映射到行为的正常变化（Kanai & Rees，2011）。这些研究将解剖结构与人格特质联系起来（例如DeYoung等人，2010）和冲动特质（例如Matsuo et al.，2009年）。这些特征的极端得分经常在那些患有精神病理学的人中观察到，例如单极和双相抑郁症（约翰逊，Carver，& Joormann，2013; Zapolski，Guller，& Smith，2012），因此这些发现支持精神疾病风险因素和潜在生物标志物的连续性观点。
The structure of the human brain reflects a wealth of functionally relevant information, and is influenced by both genes and environment. Gray matter volumes both at global and regional levels are highly heritable (den Braber et al., 2013; Posthuma et al., 2002; Winkler et al., 2010; Wright, Sham, Murray, Weinberger, & Bullmore, 2002), and map clearly onto specific genotypes (Durston et al., 2005; Toga & Thompson, 2005). Regional brain volumes are typically stable over time (den Braber et al., 2013) but can increase following new learning (eg Woollett & Maguire, 2011), demonstrating experience-dependent plasticity well into adulthood. In addition, brain structure alterations resulting from neurodegenerative disease are linked to concomitant changes in functions associated with those structures, such as memory problems associated with medial temporal lobe atrophy (eg Leube et al., 2008). These findings provide convincing evidence that differences in brain structure can reflect behaviour.Recent studies have moved from examining how group differences in brain structure reflect those in behaviour, to assessing how subtle inter-individual differences in brain structure map on to normal variation in behaviour (Kanai & Rees, 2011). Such studies have linked anatomical structure to personality traits (eg DeYoung et al., 2010) and to impulsivity traits (eg Matsuo et al., 2009). Extreme scores on these traits are often observed in those with psychopathology, such as unipolar and bipolar depression (Johnson, Carver, & Joormann, 2013; Zapolski, Guller, & Smith, 2012), and so these findings support a continuum view of the risk factors and potential biomarkers for psychiatric conditions.