Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Lemur Gut and Soil Microbiota Along a Gradient of Anthropogenic Disturbance
Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Lemur Gut and Soil Microbiota Along a Gradient of Anthropogenic Disturbance
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2021.704070
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发表时间：
2021-08-09
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Drea, Christine M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bornbusch, Sally L.;Drea, Christine M.
人造抗生素的过度使用促进了抗生素耐药性基因在动物中的全球传播，跨越自然和遗传干扰的环境。虽然抗生素治疗是最充分研究的途径，通过该途径，抗性基因可以在宿主相关的微生物群中发展和传播，但抗性基因也可以通过更间接的途径获得或富集，例如通过宿主之间的传播或通过与环境中受杀虫剂污染的物质接触。关于人为干扰对野生动物及其环境中抗性基因库的影响，人们知之甚少。因此，我们测试了（a）经历不同严重程度和类型的人为干扰（即，非野生动物存在、人类存在、人类直接接触和抗生素处理），和（B）宿主相关和环境抗性体之间的共变异。我们使用鸟枪宏基因组测序的环尾狐猴（狐猴卡塔）肠道resistostomes和相关的土壤resistostomes采样从多达10个网站：7在马达加斯加的荒野和3在马达加斯加或美国圈养。我们发现，与野生狐猴相比，圈养狐猴具有更丰富的抗性基因，但不一定更多样化的抗性基因。抗性基因的丰度与我们对人为干扰的评估呈正相关，这一模式在所有10个狐猴种群中都是稳健的。狐猴耐药基因的组成具有位点特异性，耐药基因的类型反映了原产国的抗生素使用情况，例如马达加斯加的万古霉素使用情况。我们发现支持多种途径的ARG富集（例如，通过人类接触、抗生素治疗和环境获取），狐猴种群之间存在差异，但可能导致相似程度的富集。土壤resistomes在马达加斯加的自然栖息地和不同的，在更大的人为干扰，狐猴和土壤resistomes共变的网站。作为迄今为止对野生动物耐药基因最广泛的单物种调查之一，我们发现抗生素耐药基因的传播和富集在不同环境中各不相同，从而增加了越来越多的证据表明耐药危机延伸到传统临床环境之外。
The overuse of man-made antibiotics has facilitated the global propagation of antibiotic resistance genes in animals, across natural and anthropogenically disturbed environments. Although antibiotic treatment is the most well-studied route by which resistance genes can develop and spread within host-associated microbiota, resistomes also can be acquired or enriched via more indirect routes, such as via transmission between hosts or via contact with antibiotic-contaminated matter within the environment. Relatively little is known about the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on reservoirs of resistance genes in wildlife and their environments. We therefore tested for (a) antibiotic resistance genes in primate hosts experiencing different severities and types of anthropogenic disturbance (i.e., non-wildlife animal presence, human presence, direct human contact, and antibiotic treatment), and (b) covariation between host-associated and environmental resistomes. We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing of ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) gut resistomes and associated soil resistomes sampled from up to 10 sites: seven in the wilderness of Madagascar and three in captivity in Madagascar or the United States. We found that, compared to wild lemurs, captive lemurs harbored greater abundances of resistance genes, but not necessarily more diverse resistomes. Abundances of resistance genes were positively correlated with our assessments of anthropogenic disturbance, a pattern that was robust across all ten lemur populations. The composition of lemur resistomes was site-specific and the types of resistance genes reflected antibiotic usage in the country of origin, such as vancomycin use in Madagascar. We found support for multiple routes of ARG enrichment (e.g., via human contact, antibiotic treatment, and environmental acquisition) that differed across lemur populations, but could result in similar degrees of enrichment. Soil resistomes varied across natural habitats in Madagascar and, at sites with greater anthropogenic disturbance, lemurs and soil resistomes covaried. As one of the broadest, single-species investigations of wildlife resistomes to date, we show that the transmission and enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes varies across environments, thereby adding to the mounting evidence that the resistance crisis extends outside of traditional clinical settings.