8. The clausal structure of linguistic and pre-linguistic behavior
8. The clausal structure of linguistic and pre-linguistic behavior
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8. 语言和前语言行为的子句结构
DOI：
10.1075/tsl.53.11fen
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Fenk
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gertraud Fenk;A. Fenk
术语“进化”和“共同进化”意味着预先存在的结构经历了一些发展变化，如分化，专业化和整合，它们意味着可能的发展方向的范围是预先设置在这些已经存在的结构。当环境（如某一栖息地的气候）发生变化或生物体改变其环境（如征服新的栖息地或生态位，从陆地重新迁移到水域等）时，进化过程开始或至少加速。1.2.等），在这方面情况类似。如果我们把语言（=子系统1.2.）作为认知系统（=子系统1.1.）的环境系统，可以说，随着社会语言的日益复杂化，对语言使用者的相关认知能力的要求也越来越高。高于平均水平或具备这种能力的人，在使用这种认知和交流工具方面获得更高，更“精心制作”的水平，因此，将这种“设备”传递给下一代（一代nnn 1 + nnn 1）的机会更高。[1]这种选择机制在从nn 1 + nn 2 1到nn 2 + n3 2的传递过程中同样有效，并且效率越高，“工具”语言对于其语言社区内的个体使用者的效用就越高，对于整个语言社区的效用也就越高。对社区（家庭、部落、更大的社会）的效用是巨大的。首先，我们的认知装置的活动与减少不确定性和通过提取迄今为止可能的观察中的不变量、节奏、重复和冗余来使事件（例如自己行为的后果）可预见的任务有关（Fenk和Vanoucek，1992）。预期允许在实际或甚至存在的问题上的不确定性下做出“理性”决策。为了能够交流关于索引的想法-
The terms ‘‘evolution’’and ‘‘co-evolution’’imply pre-existing structures which undergo some developmental changes such as differentiation, specialization, and integration, and they imply that the scope of possible developmental directions is predisposed in these already existing structures. Evolutionary processes are initiated or at least accelerated when the environment (eg the climate in a certain habitat) changes or when organisms change their environment, eg by conquering new habitats or niches, remigrating from land to water, etc. In the co-evolution of a system’s (system 1) subsystems (1.1., 1.2. etc), the situation is similar in this respect. If we regard language (= subsystem 1.2.) as an environmental system of the cognitive system (= subsystem 1.1.), we may say that an increasing complexity of a community’s language makes growing demands on relevant cognitive abilities of the ‘‘users’’of this language. Individuals who are above average or extremely highly equipped with such abilities, gain higher, more ‘‘elaborated’’levels in the use of this cognitive and communicative tool, and—therefore—higher chances to transmit this ‘‘equipment’’to the next generation (generation nƒ+ ƒ1). 1 This selective mechanism is again effective in the transmission from generation nƒ+ ƒ1 to nƒ+ ƒ2, and so forth, and the more efficient, the higher the utility of the ‘‘organon’’language for the individual user within his linguistic community and the higher its utility for the linguistic community as a whole. The utility for the community (the family, the tribe, bigger societies) is immense. The activity of our cognitive apparatus is, first of all, concerned with the task of reducing uncertainty and of making events (eg the consequences of one own’s actions) foreseeable by extracting invariants, rhythms, regularities, redundancies in the observations possible so far (Fenk and Vanoucek 1992). Anticipation allows ‘‘rational’’decision-making under uncertainty in practical or even existential matters. To be able to communicate thoughts about indexical proper-