INDICATORS OF POOR WELFARE
INDICATORS OF POOR WELFARE
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DOI：
10.1016/0007-1935(86)90109-0
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发表时间：
1986-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
BROOM, DM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BROOM, DM
一个人的福利是他在努力科普环境方面的状态。应对有时可以用很少的努力和资源支出来实现，在这种情况下，个人的福利是令人满意的。或者，它可能根本无法科普，在这种情况下，它的福利显然很差。或者，如果个人确实科普了他所遇到的条件，这可能很容易，只需花费很少的资源，或者可能很困难，需要花费大量的时间和精力，在这种情况下，福利被认为是差的。改善福利的一种方法是根据动物在半自然环境中选择做什么（Stolba和Wood-Gush，1984），或者根据动物在实验环境中选择的偏好条件（Baldwin和Ingram，1967; Hughes，1976; Dawkins，1983）来设计住房系统。这里总结的方法包括评估不良福利的指标，以及比较住房系统或治疗，以便认识和消除不良福利的原因。不良福利的指标有两种一般类型，一种表明个人未能科普环境，另一种表明所涉及的努力和个人试图应对的程度。如果不能科普环境的影响，可能会导致死亡率增加、后代存活数量减少或后代生育延迟。有时这些可以直接测量，但它们也可以通过疾病发生率的增加，后代大小的减少，牛奶产量的减少或生长速度的降低来指示。
The welfare of an individual is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment. Coping can sometimes be achieved with little effort and expenditure of resources, in which case the individual's welfare is satisfactory. Or it may fail to cope at all, in which case its welfare is obviously poor. Or, if the individual does cope with the conditions it encounters, this may be easy, with little expenditure of resources, or may be difficult taking much time and energy, in which case welfare is deemed to be poor. one approach to the improvement of welfare lies in the design ofhousing systems' on the basis of either what animals choose to do in semi-natural environments (Stolba & Wood-Gush, 1984), or their choice as to their preferred conditions in experimental situations (Baldwin & Ingram, 1967; Hughes, 1976; dawkins, 1983). The approach summarised here involves both the assessment of indicators of poor welfare, and the comparison of housing systems, or treatments, so as to recognise and excise the causes of poor welfare.The indicators of poor welfare are of two general types, the one demonstrating that an individual has failed to cope with an environment, the other indicating the effort involved and the extent of an individual's attempts at coping. Failure to cope with the effects of an environment may involve increased mortality, a reduction in the numbers of offspring surviving or a delay in the production of offspring. Sometimes these can be measured directly, but they may also be indicated by increases in the incidence of disease, reduced offspring size, reduced milk production or reduced growth rate.