A comparative perspective on the human sense of justice
A comparative perspective on the human sense of justice
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DOI：
10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.12.002
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发表时间：
2023-05-23
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Brosnan，Sarah F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Brosnan，Sarah F.
人类并不是唯一关心不平等的物种;当社会伙伴获得比他们更好的结果时，其他一些物种的个体也会做出负面反应，并且有（有限的）证据表明猿甚至会在他们获得比他们的伴侣更多时做出反应。这种反应在物种之间的分布和个人的实验合作任务的反应表明，对不公平的反应在合作的背景下发展，有可能帮助个人认识-从而避免-合作伙伴谁采取超过他们的份额。尽管这可能会使个人在短期内获得绝对收益，但他们最终会受益于不处于相对劣势。因此，虽然人类对不平等的反应显然受到文化的影响，但基本的反应是生物学上的，比较工作将帮助我们更好地理解这些反应为什么以及在什么背景下演变，以便我们能够更好地理解我们的道德和法律的制度是如何演变的，从而努力设计更好地造福于每个人的制度和结果。
Humans are not the only species that cares about inequality; individuals in some other species also respond negatively when a social partner receives a better outcome than they do and there is (limited) evidence of apes even responding when they receive more than their partner. The distribution of this reaction across species and individual’s responses in experimental cooperation tasks suggests that the response to inequity evolved in the context of cooperation, potentially to help individuals recognize – and thereby avoid – partners who take more than their share. Even though this might cost individuals an absolute gain in the short term, they ultimately benefit by not being relatively disadvantaged. Thus, while clearly there are cultural influences on humans’ responses to inequity, the basic response is biologically rooted, and comparative work will help us better understand why and in what contexts the responses evolved so that we can better understand how our moral and legal systems evolved in the way in which they did and thereby work to design institutions and outcomes that better benefit everyone.