Carcinogenicity of Perfluoroalkyl Compounds
Carcinogenicity of Perfluoroalkyl Compounds
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-15518-0_12
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Symons, J. Morel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kennedy, Gerald L.;Symons, J. Morel
本章回顾了关于全氟烷基酸在动物和人类中致癌潜力的现有资料。从历史上看，全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸一直是这一化学品类别中使用最广泛的成员，因此在所报告的研究中，这两种物质所占比例最大。在根据其他化学品的结果预测该系列中任何化学品的生物活性时，需要谨慎行事。例如，考虑到对大鼠进行寿命研究的三种化学品，结果是不同的，全氟己酸（PFHxA）没有增加肿瘤，全氟辛烷磺酸没有增加肝腺瘤，全氟辛酸没有增加肝、睾丸和胰腺腺瘤。机制研究表明，使用PFOA观察到的肝脏肿瘤反映了PPARa的激活，而睾丸和胰腺中肿瘤形成的机制尚不清楚。据报告，流行病学研究涉及几种人群接触水平。在对接触被全氟辛酸污染的饮用水的社区成员进行的研究中，报告了与肾癌和睾丸癌相关的有限证据。对接触较高水平全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的工人进行的研究没有显示出与任何特定癌症类型相关的一致证据。对暴露于低水平全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的人群进行的研究表明，各种癌症的结果不确定，没有一致的关联。根据迄今为止报告的证据，接触全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸后产生致癌结果的前景微乎其微。对于其他全氟烷基酸，没有足够的证据表明其潜在致癌性。应当指出，人类目前接触这些化学品的程度很低，而且似乎正在减少。
This chapter reviews the information available on the carcinogenic potential of perfluoroalkyl acids in both animals and humans. Historically, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) have been the most widely used members of this chemical class making these the subject of the largest proportion of the reported studies. Caution needs to be exercised in projecting the biological activities of any of the chemicals in this family based on results from others. For example, considering the three chemicals for which lifetime studies in rats are available, the outcomes were different with no increase in tumors seen with perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), liver adenomas seen with PFOS, and adenomas of the liver, testis, and pancreas seen with PFOA. Mechanistic studies suggest that the liver tumors seen with PFOA reflect the activation of PPARa while the mechanism for tumor formation in the testis and pancreas is less clear. Epidemiologic studies have been reported for several levels of population exposure. Limited evidence of associations with kidney and testicular cancer has been reported in studies among community members exposed to drinking water contaminated by PFOA. Studies in workers exposed to higher levels of both PFOA and PFOS have not shown consistent evidence for an association with any specific cancer type. Studies in populations exposed to low levels of PFOA and PFOS have shown equivocal results for a variety of cancers with no consistent associations. Based on the evidence reported to date, the prospect for developing a carcinogenic outcome following exposure to PFOA and PFOS is remote. For other perfluoroalkyl acids, there is not sufficient evidence regarding their potential carcinogenicity. It should be noted that human exposures to these chemicals is currently quite low and appears to be decreasing.