Flight feather attachment in rock pigeons (Columba livia): covert feathers and smooth muscle coordinate a morphing wing
Flight feather attachment in rock pigeons (Columba livia): covert feathers and smooth muscle coordinate a morphing wing
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/joa.12511
复制
发表时间：
2016-11-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Hieronymus, Tobin L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hieronymus, Tobin L.
体内和体外研究分别描述了被动协调前肢运动和飞羽外展和内收的机制。骨骼协调已被认为是鸟类简化控制飞行行程的神经运动任务的一种方式，但对骨骼协调与空气动力控制表面（飞行羽毛）协调之间关系的理解却进展缓慢。生物力学和空气动力学方法（骨骼运动学和翼型形状之间）之间的这种断裂阻碍了动态飞行行为的研究。在这里，我使用解剖和组织学来识别以前被忽视的肌肉骨骼元素和飞行羽毛之间的互连。这些结构中的许多结构都可以将被动肌肉骨骼协调系统的元素与飞羽运动直接连接起来。小束平滑肌形成前臂上覆羽（甲板羽毛）和尺骨之间的显着连接，以及手部主要飞羽之间的大部分互连。丰富的平滑肌可以在有效维持折叠机翼姿态方面发挥作用，并且还可以提供调整机翼形状和飞行中气动弹性行为的自主调节手段。飞行羽毛与下面的肌肉和骨骼的肌肉和韧带连接的模式可以为飞行冲程期间翼型的形状提供可预测的被动引导。这里描述的结构为广泛研究的鸟类模型物种中机翼表面协调的体内实验测试提供了解剖学试金石。
Mechanisms for passively coordinating forelimb movements and flight feather abduction and adduction have been described separately from both invivo and exvivo studies. Skeletal coordination has been identified as a way for birds to simplify the neuromotor task of controlling flight stroke, but an understanding of the relationship between skeletal coordination and the coordination of the aerodynamic control surface (the flight feathers) has been slow to materialize. This break between the biomechanical and aerodynamic approaches-between skeletal kinematics and airfoil shape-has hindered the study of dynamic flight behaviors.Here I use dissection and histology to identify previously overlooked interconnections between musculoskeletal elements and flight feathers. Many of these structures are well-placed to directly link elements of the passive musculoskeletal coordination system with flight feather movements. Small bundles of smooth muscle form prominent connections between upper forearm coverts (deck feathers) and the ulna, as well as the majority of interconnections between major flight feathers of the hand. Abundant smooth muscle may play a role in efficient maintenance of folded wing posture, and may also provide an autonomically regulated means of tuning wing shape and aeroelastic behavior in flight. The pattern of muscular and ligamentous linkages of flight feathers to underlying muscle and bone may provide predictable passive guidance for the shape of the airfoil during flight stroke. The structures described here provide an anatomical touchstone for invivo experimental tests of wing surface coordination in an extensively researched avian model species.