Quantitative models for pedogenesis — A review
Quantitative models for pedogenesis — A review
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DOI：
10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.12.013
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发表时间：
2008-03
期刊：
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
B. Minasny;A. McBratney;S. Salvador‐Blanes
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Minasny;A. McBratney;S. Salvador‐Blanes
土壤发生模型应该给我们答案：土壤是如何形成的，它是如何演变的，它从哪里来，以及它需要多长时间才能达到这种状态？本文回顾了从头开始描述土壤发生和直接导致土壤发育或演变的过程的定量模型。我们回顾阶乘，能量和质量平衡模型。早期的概念模型来自詹姆斯赫顿。Jenny因子模型首次提出了土壤系统的定义和土壤学的定量方法。土壤学中的许多工作都致力于以定性的方式提出因子模型的变体，如路径和能量模型。Volubuyev的能量模型试图在宏观尺度上计算土壤形成的能量，在剖面尺度上计算土壤的熵。能量模型主要用于描述土壤的状态。从概念，经验模型，转向土壤形成的机械模型，随后以较慢的速度。地貌学景观模型在土壤风化和景观分布的量化和模拟方面取得了很大的进展。这些模型通常考虑物理风化，并将土壤视为单层风化层。而机械土壤学模型则在剖面尺度上考虑了近水平景观的风化作用。最近已经提出了将这两种方法联合收割机结合的方法。我们表明，一个基本的质量平衡模型可以模拟土壤厚度和有机碳含量的景观变化。土壤剖面可以通过应用基本的物理和化学过程来创建。质量平衡模型提供了一个宝贵的平台，土壤模型和土壤学的其他现代地球科学学科。我们讨论了成土作用模型的一些标准，以及因子、能量和质量平衡模型的可能整合。
Pedogenesis models should give us answers to: how does soil form, how does it evolve, where does it come from and how long does it take to reach this state? This paper reviews quantitative models that describe pedogenesis ab initio and the processes that directly lead to development or evolution of soil. We review factorial, energy, and mass-balance models. An early conceptual model comes from James Hutton. The factorial model of Jenny provides the first definition of soil system and quantitative approach in pedology. Much works in pedology were devoted to proposing variations of the factorial model in a qualitative way, such as the pathways, and energy models. The energy model of Volubuyev attempts to calculate the energy of soil formation at a macro-scale and the entropy of soil at the profile scale. The energy model is used mainly as description of the state of a soil. From conceptual, empirical models, a move towards mechanistic models of soil formation followed at a slower pace. The landscape model from geomorphology has made lots of progress in quantifying and modelling soil weathering and distribution in the landscape. These models usually consider physical weathering and treat the soil as a single layer of regolith. Meanwhile mechanistic pedology models consider weathering in a profile scale at a nearly level landscape. Approach to combine these two approaches has recently been proposed. We demonstrate that a rudimentary mass-balance model can simulate soil thickness and organic carbon content variation in the landscape. A soil profile can be created by applying fundamental physical and chemical processes. The mass-balance model provides a valuable platform to model soil and link pedology to other modern earth science disciplines. We discuss some criteria for pedogenesis models and possible integration of the factorial, energy, and mass-balance models.