Non-coding RNAs: Classification, Biology and Functioning
Non-coding RNAs: Classification, Biology and Functioning
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-42059-2_1
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kretz, Markus
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文献类型：
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作者：
Hombach, Sonja;Kretz, Markus
分子生物学的长期原则之一是 DNA 充当信使 RNA 转录的模板，而信使 RNA 则充当蛋白质翻译的蓝图。在过去的几十年里，越来越多的例外情况被报道：它们包括参与翻译的长期已知的RNA类别，例如转移RNA和核糖体RNA，参与剪接事件的小核RNA，以及主要参与其他小RNA修饰的小核仁RNA，例如核糖体RNA和转移RNA。最近，在哺乳动物中发现了几类短调节非编码RNA，包括piwi相关RNA、内源性短干扰RNA和microRNA，它们在许多不同的细胞途径和系统中充当基因表达的关键调节因子。此外，人类基因组编码数千个长度>200个核苷酸的长非蛋白质编码RNA，其中一些在多种生物过程中发挥着至关重要的作用，例如染色质的表观遗传控制、启动子特异性基因调控、mRNA稳定性、X染色体失活和印记。在本章中，我们将介绍几类短非编码RNA和长非编码RNA，描述它们在哺乳动物基因调控中的不同作用，并举例说明已知的作用模式。
One of the long-standing principles of molecular biology is that DNA acts as a template for transcription of messenger RNAs, which serve as blueprints for protein translation. A rapidly growing number of exceptions to this rule have been reported over the past decades: they include long known classes of RNAs involved in translation such as transfer RNAs and ribosomal RNAs, small nuclear RNAs involved in splicing events, and small nucleolar RNAs mainly involved in the modification of other small RNAs, such as ribosomal RNAs and transfer RNAs. More recently, several classes of short regulatory non-coding RNAs, including piwi-associated RNAs, endogenous short-interfering RNAs and microRNAs have been discovered in mammals, which act as key regulators of gene expression in many different cellular pathways and systems. Additionally, the human genome encodes several thousand long non-protein coding RNAs >200 nucleotides in length, some of which play crucial roles in a variety of biological processes such as epigenetic control of chromatin, promoter-specific gene regulation, mRNA stability, X-chromosome inactivation and imprinting. In this chapter, we will introduce several classes of short and long non-coding RNAs, describe their diverse roles in mammalian gene regulation and give examples for known modes of action.