ENRICHMENT PLANTING OF DIPTEROCARPS IN LOGGED-OVER SECONDARY FORESTS - EFFECT OF WIDTH, DIRECTION AND MAINTENANCE METHOD OF PLANTING LINE ON SELECTED SHOREA SPECIES
ENRICHMENT PLANTING OF DIPTEROCARPS IN LOGGED-OVER SECONDARY FORESTS - EFFECT OF WIDTH, DIRECTION AND MAINTENANCE METHOD OF PLANTING LINE ON SELECTED SHOREA SPECIES
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DOI：
10.1016/0378-1127(94)03488-i
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发表时间：
1995-05-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
VESA, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ADJERS, G;HADENGGANAN, S;VESA, L
天然龙脑香苗木通常非常稀少，或在大量采伐的龙脑香林中完全不存在，这些森林已经进行了轮垦。取而代之的是茂密的次生林，商业或生态价值低。这些被砍伐的低量森林可以被改造成种植园，也可以被当地珍贵的木材重新储存。本研究的目的是获得适当的造林方法与龙脑香次生林更新的信息，特别强调最常用的线种植法，我们研究了影响线种植成功的主要因素，即种植方向，线宽度和方法的维护在2年的关键时期的幼苗建立。所使用的树种，Shorea johorensis，Shorea leprosula和Shorea par vifolia，属于浅红色meranti木材组。这种类型的木材是单板和胶合板的主要来源。实验建立在一个积极的伐木特许区，在次生林以前进行轮垦，种植股票是利用当地收集的野生植物，在种植前在苗圃硬化。试验采用随机完全区组设计，重复4次。在次生林中开辟一条线种植幼苗，以使头顶光线能够到达森林地面。采用4种测线方向（N-S、E-W、SW-NE和SE-NW）、4种测线宽度（0、1、2和3 m）和4种测线维护方法（垂直、水平、垂直+水平和对照）。造林后2年内，测定造林成活率、树高和地径生长量，并采用方差分析（ANOVA）和相关的后验均值比较（LSD-检验）进行比较。从生长速度来看，东南西北方向是S.约翰西斯。线宽不影响物种的生存。然而，它对生长的影响是非常明显的：生长在很大程度上取决于头顶光的量，这反过来又可以通过线宽来控制。派vifolia受益于线维护，水平维护优于垂直维护。没有发现对生存的影响。我们建议Shorea物种不应该种植在树冠下，因为这显然会阻碍生长。建议采用2米宽的种植线。应通过水平维护保持足够的头顶照明。垂直抚育没有产生积极的反应。三个测试物种的反应不同，密切相关的物种之间的差异应在未来的研究。我们的研究结果表明，线种植的龙脑香在次生林低容量良好的前景。由于观察到的年蓄积量增量为8-17 m（3）ha（-1）年（-1），以及目前红柳杉木材的高价格，种植龙脑香树比通常采用的将低蓄积量森林转变为快速生长的外来树种种植园的做法更有利可图。
Natural dipterocarp seedling stock is usually very scarce or totally absent from heavily logged dipterocarp forests which have been subjected to shifting cultivation. Instead, a dense cover of secondary forest of low commercial or ecological value prevails. These logged-over low-volume forests can either be converted into plantations or restocked by local, valuable timber. The aim of this study was to obtain information on appropriate silvicultural methods for restocking such secondary forests with dipterocarps, with particular emphasis on the most commonly applied line planting method.We studied the main factors affecting line planting success, i.e. planting direction, line width and method of maintenance during a 2 year critical period of seedling establishment. The species used, Shorea johorensis, Shorea leprosula and Shorea par vifolia, are of the light red meranti timber group. This type of timber is the main source of veneer and plywood.The experiments were established within an active logging concession area, in a secondary forest previously subjected to shifting cultivation, Planting stock was produced utilising locally collected wildings which were hardened at a nursery before planting. The trials were arranged in a randomised complete block design with four replications. Seedlings were planted in a line opened up in the secondary forest in order to allow overhead light to reach the forest floor. Four line directions (N-S, E-W, SW-NE and SE-NW), four line widths (0, 1, 2 and 3 m) and four line maintenance methods (vertical, horizontal, vertical + horizontal and control) were applied. Survival, height and diameter increment were measured for a period of 2 years after planting and compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the associated aposteriori comparison of means (LSD-test).Line direction seems to have little effect on survival or growth rate of the species studied. Regarding the growth rate, SE-NW was the best planting direction for S. johorensis. Line width did not affect the survival of the species. However, its effect on growth was very clear: growth depends heavily on the amount of overhead light, which in turn can be controlled by line width, The growth of S, johorensis and S. pai vifolia benefitted from line maintenance, Horizontal maintenance is better than vertical. No effect on survival was found.We suggest Shorea species should not be planted under the canopy as this clearly retards growth. A 2-m-wide planting line is recommended. Sufficient overhead light should be maintained by means of horizontal tending. Vertical tending did not give a positive reaction. The three tested species reacted differently; differences between closely related species should be studied more in the future.Our results indicate good prospects for line planting of dipterocarps in secondary low-volume forests. With the observed annual volume increment of 8-17 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) and current high prices of red meranti timber, planting of dipterocarps is much more profitable than the commonly applied practice to convert low-volume forests into plantations of fast-growing exotic tree species.