Watershed "chemical cocktails': forming novel elemental combinations in Anthropocene fresh waters
Watershed "chemical cocktails': forming novel elemental combinations in Anthropocene fresh waters
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DOI：
10.1007/s10533-018-0502-6
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发表时间：
2018-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Belt, Kenneth T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kaushal, Sujay S.;Gold, Arthur J.;Belt, Kenneth T.
在人类世，流域化学物质的迁移越来越多地由元素的新组合所主导，这些元素在水文学上作为化学鸡尾酒联系在一起。“化学鸡尾酒是新颖的，因为人类活动大大提高了元素的浓度，以及它们在水文流动路径上的地球化学相互作用和共享运输的可能性。一种新的化学鸡尾酒方法提高了我们的能力：跟踪流域中的污染物混合物，开发具有高分辨率传感器数据的化学代理，以及管理多种水质问题。我们探讨了以下问题：（1）我们可以分类元素运输流域化学鸡尾酒使用一种新的方法？(2)气候和土地利用在促进流域内混合化学品的形成和迁移方面发挥了何种作用？为了解决这些问题，我们首先分析了100年来淡水沃茨中碳、营养物质、金属和盐的浓度趋势。接下来，我们将探讨气候和土地利用如何提高碳，营养物质，金属和盐的化学鸡尾酒形成的可能性。最终，我们根据溶解度、流动性、反应性和主导相对化学混合物的运输进行分类：（1）筛分的化学混合物（例如，颗粒形式的营养物、金属和有机物）;（2）过滤的化学混合物（例如，溶解的有机物和相关的金属络合物）;（3）色谱化学混合物（例如，从土壤交换位点洗脱的离子）;和（4）反应性化学混合物（例如，限制营养素和氧化还原敏感元素）。通常情况下，污染物的监管和管理一次一个元素，即使元素的组合相互作用，影响许多水质问题，如对生命的毒性，富营养化，基础设施腐蚀和水处理。化学鸡尾酒方法大大扩展了对水质特征和影响的评估，从单一元素扩展到混合物。高频传感器数据（pH、电导率、浊度等）可以作为化学鸡尾酒的代理，改善水质违规的实时分析，确定监管需求，并跟踪风暴和极端气候事件后的水质恢复。最终，一个流域化学鸡尾酒的方法是必要的，有效地共同管理组的污染物，并提供了一个更全面的方法来研究，监测和管理水质在人类世。
In the Anthropocene, watershed chemical transport is increasingly dominated by novel combinations of elements, which are hydrologically linked together as chemical cocktails.' Chemical cocktails are novel because human activities greatly enhance elemental concentrations and their probability for biogeochemical interactions and shared transport along hydrologic flowpaths. A new chemical cocktail approach advances our ability to: trace contaminant mixtures in watersheds, develop chemical proxies with high-resolution sensor data, and manage multiple water quality problems. We explore the following questions: (1) Can we classify elemental transport in watersheds as chemical cocktails using a new approach? (2) What is the role of climate and land use in enhancing the formation and transport of chemical cocktails in watersheds? To address these questions, we first analyze trends in concentrations of carbon, nutrients, metals, and salts in fresh waters over 100years. Next, we explore how climate and land use enhance the probability of formation of chemical cocktails of carbon, nutrients, metals, and salts. Ultimately, we classify transport of chemical cocktails based on solubility, mobility, reactivity, and dominant phases: (1) sieved chemical cocktails (e.g., particulate forms of nutrients, metals and organic matter); (2) filtered chemical cocktails (e.g., dissolved organic matter and associated metal complexes); (3) chromatographic chemical cocktails (e.g., ions eluted from soil exchange sites); and (4) reactive chemical cocktails (e.g., limiting nutrients and redox sensitive elements). Typically, contaminants are regulated and managed one element at a time, even though combinations of elements interact to influence many water quality problems such as toxicity to life, eutrophication, infrastructure corrosion, and water treatment. A chemical cocktail approach significantly expands evaluations of water quality signatures and impacts beyond single elements to mixtures. High-frequency sensor data (pH, specific conductance, turbidity, etc.) can serve as proxies for chemical cocktails and improve real-time analyses of water quality violations, identify regulatory needs, and track water quality recovery following storms and extreme climate events. Ultimately, a watershed chemical cocktail approach is necessary for effectively co-managing groups of contaminants and provides a more holistic approach for studying, monitoring, and managing water quality in the Anthropocene.