GABA and Glutamate Uptake and Metabolism in Retinal Glial (Muller) Cells.
GABA and Glutamate Uptake and Metabolism in Retinal Glial (Muller) Cells.
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DOI：
10.3389/fendo.2013.00048
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发表时间：
2013-01-01
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Reichenbach, Andreas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bringmann, Andreas;Grosche, Antje;Reichenbach, Andreas
Muller 细胞是视网膜的主要神经胶质细胞，通过细胞外神经递质的摄取和代谢来支持突触活动。 Muller 细胞表达各种神经递质的摄取和交换系统，包括谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA)。米勒细胞去除视网膜内层的大量细胞外谷氨酸，并有助于感光器末端周围谷氨酸的清除。通过摄取谷氨酸，米勒细胞参与突触活动的形成和终止，特别是在视网膜内部。反应性米勒细胞具有神经保护作用，例如通过清除过量的细胞外谷氨酸，但也可能通过神经胶质谷氨酸转运蛋白的故障甚至逆转，或通过关键酶谷氨酰胺合成酶的下调而导致神经元变性。这篇综述总结了目前关于 Muller 细胞在细胞外谷氨酸和 GABA 的清除和代谢中的作用的知识。描述了 Muller 细胞中 GABA 和谷氨酸代谢的一些主要途径；这些途径参与视网膜的谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺循环、通过谷胱甘肽的产生来防御氧化应激，以及神经元能量代谢底物的产生。
Muller cells, the principal glial cells of the retina, support the synaptic activity by the uptake and metabolization of extracellular neurotransmitters. Muller cells express uptake and exchange systems for various neurotransmitters including glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Muller cells remove the bulk of extracellular glutamate in the inner retina and contribute to the glutamate clearance around photoreceptor terminals. By the uptake of glutamate, Muller cells are involved in the shaping and termination of the synaptic activity, particularly in the inner retina. Reactive Muller cells are neuroprotective, e.g., by the clearance of excess extracellular glutamate, but may also contribute to neuronal degeneration by a malfunctioning or even reversal of glial glutamate transporters, or by a downregulation of the key enzyme, glutamine synthetase. This review summarizes the present knowledge about the role of Muller cells in the clearance and metabolization of extracellular glutamate and GABA. Some major pathways of GABA and glutamate metabolism in Muller cells are described; these pathways are involved in the glutamate-glutamine cycle of the retina, in the defense against oxidative stress via the production of glutathione, and in the production of substrates for the neuronal energy metabolism.