Geographical variation in limb muscle masses of in the Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi)
Geographical variation in limb muscle masses of in the Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi)
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安德鲁蟾蜍（Bufo andrewsi）四肢肌肉质量的地理差异
DOI：
10.1163/15707563-00002518
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Liao Wen Bo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yang Sheng Nan;Huang Xiao Fu;Zhong Mao Jun;Liao Wen Bo
肌肉对于两栖动物的运动、交配和逃避捕食者的过程至关重要。在进化过程中，物种的形态和遗传特征以及肌肉的大小都会发生变化，以适应不同的环境。理论预测，在高海拔/高纬度地区，低水平的雄性之间的竞争会选择小的肢体肌肉。在这里，我们使用安德鲁的蟾蜍（蟾蜍andrewsi）作为模式动物，以测试这一预测，通过分析在中国横断山脉的9个种群的肢体肌肉质量的地理变异。与预测不一致的是，我们发现，纬度和海拔不影响总的联合四肢肌肉的相对质量和联合后肢肌肉的质量在种群之间。同时，前肢联合肌、两块前肢肌（桡侧腕屈肌和桡侧腕伸肌）和四块后肢肌（股二头肌、半膜肌、半腱肌和腓骨肌）的相对质量在中纬度最小，在低纬度最大，而股薄肌在高纬度最大。然而，我们没有发现任何相关性之间的两个前肢肌肉和四个后肢肌肉和海拔。我们的研究结果表明，联合前肢肌肉，桡侧腕屈肌，桡侧腕伸肌，股二头肌，半膜肌，半腱肌和腓骨肌是最大的低纬度地区，由于压力的配偶竞争。
Muscles are vital for the process of movement, mating and escape of predators in amphibians. During evolution, the morphological and genetic characteristics as well as the size of muscles in species will change to adapt different environments. Theory predicts that low male-male competition in high-altitude/latitude selects for small limb muscles. Here, we used the Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi) as a model animal to test this prediction by analyzing geographical variation in the mass of limb muscles across nine populations from the Hengduan Mountains in China. Inconsistent with the prediction, we found that latitude and altitude did not affect the relative mass of total combined limb muscles and mass of combined hindlimb muscles among populations. Meanwhile, the relative mass of combined forelimb muscles, the two forelimb muscles (flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis) and the four hindlimb muscles (e.g. biceps femoris, semimebranous, semitendinosus and peroneus) was lowest in middle latitude and largest in low latitude whereas gracilis minor was largest in high latitudes. However, we did not find any correlations between the two forelimb muscles and the four hindlimb muscles and altitude. Our findings suggest that combined forelimb muscles, flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis, biceps femoris, semimebranous, semitendinosus and peroneus are largest in low latitudes due to pressures of mate competition.