The ethics of behavioural public policy
The ethics of behavioural public policy
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行为公共政策的伦理
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Małecka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Robert Lepenies;M. Małecka
公共政策越来越多地从行为科学的见解中获得信息。我们强调行为公共政策的三个方面可能与民主道德不相容。首先，政策制定者可以使用行为工具，如轻推，引导公民的行为，而不给出理由，并依靠非参与性的研究方法。第二，行为公共政策经常由不受直接民主控制的组织以行政自由裁量权的形式实施。第三，行为公共政策目前依赖于对行为科学的片面和狭隘的看法，并且不关注它所借鉴的研究中已经嵌入的价值判断。什么是行为公共政策？认知心理学和行为经济学等行为科学的见解目前正在重塑世界各地的大部分公共政策。在各种政策领域，如卫生和环境政策、劳工条例和消费者保护法，都采用了行为方法。第一个推动单位，行为洞察小组（BIT），成立于2010年在大卫卡梅隆的联合政府在英国内阁办公室。此后，它成为一家拥有150多名员工的半私有化公司（“行为洞察有限公司”），为英国政府和国外提供咨询和测试政策创新。BIT是世界各地许多其他行为洞察团队的典范：美国、德国、法国、荷兰、澳大利亚、日本和新加坡，这些国家最近都创建了推动单位。世界银行和联合国内部的不同小组、经合组织和欧洲联盟委员会（联合研究中心）都设有类似的行为政策单位。行为科学应用的一个高峰
Public policy is increasingly informed by insights from the behavioural sciences. We highlight three aspects of behavioural public policy which can be incompatible with democratic ethics. First, policy-makers can use behavioural instruments such as nudges to steer citizens’ behaviour without giving reasons and by relying on nonparticipatory research methods. Second, behavioural public policy is frequently implemented in the form of administrative discretion by organisations which are not under direct democratic control. Third, behavioural public policy currently relies on a partial and narrow view of the behavioural sciences and is inattentive about value judgements already embedded in the research it draws upon. What is behavioural public policy? Insights from the behavioural sciences, such as cognitive psychology and behavioural economics, are currently reshaping much of public policy around the world. Behavioural approaches are drawn upon in a variety of policy fields, such as in health and environmental policy, labour regulations, and consumer protection law. The first nudge unit, the Behavioural Insights Team (BIT), was established in 2010 under David Cameron’s coalition government in the UK within the cabinet office. It has since become a quasi-privatised company (“Behavioural Insights Limited”) with more than 150 employees that consults and tests policy innovations for the UK government and abroad. The BIT serves as a model for many other behavioural insights teams worldwide: in the US, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Australia, Japan, and Singapore, which all have recently created nudge units. Similar behavioural policy units can be found at the World Bank and at different teams within the United Nations, at the OECD, and the European Commission (Joint Research Centre). A peak point in behavioural sciences applied