Decisiveness and Accountability as Part of a Principled Response to Nonstate Threats
Decisiveness and Accountability as Part of a Principled Response to Nonstate Threats
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果断和问责是对非国家威胁有原则反应的一部分
DOI：
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发表时间：
2006
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
R. Keohane
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Keohane
一种制度的道德权威取决于受其规则支配或支持该制度的人是否相信该制度是合法的。合法性意味着制定规则的权利。这种权利要么通过用于产生规则的过程的质量（“输入”）来授予，要么通过所获得结果的质量（“输出”）来授予。“投入的合法性是通过遵循既定的授权和活动程序来实现的，这些程序与符合普遍的公平概念的标准相一致，即使不是完全公正的。程序必须包括相当大的透明度、问责机制和完整性——也就是说，一种与机构声明的目的相一致的实践模式。产出合法性是通过一系列成就来实现的，这些成就总体上可以被判断为是好的，而且至关重要的是，比任何可行的替代制度安排所能产生的成果都要好。自2000年千年首脑会议以来，联合国的中心机构已大大丧失了道德权威。在涉及使用武力的问题上无法采取行动，2005年世界首脑会议未能就恐怖主义的定义达成一致，石油换粮食丑闻，以及如此多的代表团被认为是任人唯亲，这些都破坏了大会和安理会的道德权威。出于道德原因，对国际问题的原则性回应总是可取的。在国际机构的合法性受到质疑的时候
T he moral authority of an institution depends on the belief that it is legitimate by those who are to be governed by its rules or who support it. Legitimacy implies a right to make rules. This right is conferred either through the quality of the processes used to produce the rules—‘‘inputs’’—or the quality of the results achieved—‘‘outputs.’’ Input legitimacy is achieved through following established procedures of authorization and activity that are consistent with standards conforming to prevailing concepts of fairness, even if not of perfect justice. The procedures must include considerable transparency, mechanisms for accountability, and integrity—that is, a pattern of practices consistent with the stated purposes of the institution. Output legitimacy is achieved through a record of accomplishments that can be judged, on the whole, to be good—and, crucially, better than any feasible alternative institutional arrangements would have produced. The central institutions of the United Nations have substantially lost moral authority since the Millennium Summit of 2000. The inability to act on issues involving the use of force, the failure at the 2005 World Summit to agree on a definition of terrorism, the Oil-for-Food scandal, and the perceived cronyism of so many delegations have undermined the moral authority of the General Assembly and the Security Council. Principled responses to international problems are always desirable for ethical reasons. At a time when the legitimacy of international institutions is