Grades in neural complexity: How large is the span?
Grades in neural complexity: How large is the span?
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/42.4.757
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发表时间：
2002-08-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Bullock, TH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bullock, TH
大脑中最简单的扁虫和最高级的哺乳动物之间的复杂性跨度非常大，衡量标准是不同的解剖部分、生理过程、感官辨别和行为选择的数量。大多数大脑的进化都是在相同复杂程度内的适应性辐射。不同级别的复杂性已经出现了十几次或更多次，而且经常是逆行的。进步并不是不可避免的，也不是对生存价值有明显优势，但在灵长类、哺乳动物或脊椎动物之前很久就已经发生了。比较一下墨鱼和最高级的腹足动物、蜜蜂和最好的咸虾、灵长类和已知的最高级的爬行动物--所有的树枝都有共同的枝条。在详细列出不同复杂性等级的主要分类群之间的差异方面，这种反复取得的进化成就几乎没有研究。哺乳动物大脑皮层目前已知的水平上的连通性在其他类别中也是非常需要的，对互惠、内在分化、树突分裂以及传入和传出连接的估计，既包括局部的，也包括投射到其他中心的，每个都进行了量化，以便进行比较。生理系统的组织、神经元和回路的个性特征、倾向性和在几个综合水平上的紧急现象只对FEND系统的一部分粗略地了解。给出了一些新研究的机会，这些研究可以更充分地描述大脑的不同等级。
The span of complexity in brains, between the simplest flatworms and the most advanced mammals is exceedingly great, measured by the number of different anatomical parts, physiological processes, sensory discriminations, and behavioral alternatives in the repertoire. Most evolution of brains has been adaptive radiation within the same grade of complexity. Distinct grades of complexity have appeared a dozen or more times and quite often in the retrograde direction. Advancement has not been inevitable or obviously advantageous in survival value but has happened-long before primates or mammals or vertebrates. Compare cuttlefish and the most advanced gastropods, bees and the best brine shrimp, primates and the most advanced reptiles known-all twigs with common branches. This repeated achievement of evolution has had all too little study in respect of the detailed listing of differences between major taxa of distinct grades of complexity. Connectivity at the level now known for the mammalian cortex is much needed in other classes, with estimates of reciprocity, intrinsic differentiation, dendritic parcellation and afferent and efferent connections, both locally and projecting to other centers, each done quantitatively to permit comparison. Physiological system organization, personality properties of neurons and circuits, proclivities and emergent phenomena at several integrative levels are sketchily known only for parts of a fend systems. Examples are given of opportunities for new research that can more adequately characterize grades of brains.